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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Secondary Pollutant |
air pollutants formed in the atmosphere |
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biogenic vs antrhopogenic |
Bio-natural Anthro-human formed |
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Hazardas air pollutants |
established by the clean air act amendments includes many volatile organic chemicals and pesticides |
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particulate matter |
solid or liquid particles suspended in air |
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indoor air vs outdoor air |
indoor air polution is a greater threat to human health than outdoor air pollution |
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Volitlike organic compounds |
includes but is not limited to:tobacco smoke, solvents, paint, and other chemicals
most common symptoms related to exposure: eye and respitory tract irritations, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, memory impairment, |
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formaldehyde |
a nasal upper respiratory and ocular irritant, also suspected nasal carcinogen. It is used in industrial and consumer products (ex. Some Shampoo) |
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Carbon Monoxide (CO) |
formed from imcomplete combustion it binds to hemoglobin and can cause headache, drowsiness, eventual coma and death. |
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
in exhaled breath from metabolic processes. Mostly a problem when there is not enough air exchange in a building or space, people feel sleepy or headachy because of poor ventilation |
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Radon |
radioactive gsas which is naturally found in some soils and rocks but can seep into homes. Juma carcinogens and contributes to lung cancer.
Synergistic (greater than additive) relationship bewtween radon and smoking |
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respirable particulates |
collective group of fine solid particles, aerosols, mists, dust, smoke, fibers and fumes that may contribute to ear, nose and throat irritation, respiratory infections and lung cancer |
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legionnaires disease |
outbreak of pnemonia caused by bacteria first characterized by an American Legion convention, Elderly people are the mos vunerable |
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Pontiac Fever |
acute on-set non-pneumonia flue like illness |
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Black Mold |
Stachybotris Sp. A mold that infests homes and sometimes produces toxins which can lead to breathing problems, diarrhea, vomiting and neruological disorders
People most at risk for mold issues are those with compromised immune systems, chronic respiratory diseases and allergies |
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Mites |
tiny arthropods that eat dead skin cells, can cause allergic reactions |
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biomass fuels |
traditionally used for cooking and heating and now recognised as a health risk primarily for women and young children. Lead to respitory diseases.
Cleaner fuels may be too expensive and not easily availible |
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Building related illness |
illnesses among building occupants which can be traced to a specific cause that can me remediated |
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Sick Building Syndrome |
Illnesses among buliding occupants with unknown cause |
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Industrial Exposures |
exposures to agents in the air as a result of industrial processes (like manufacturing or formulation) |
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Regulations on indoor air |
No federal regulations for residential areas, but there is some occupation air regulation guidelines |
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climate change |
any change in climate over time whether as a result of natural variability or human activity |
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global warming |
refers to an increase in average global temperatures |
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greenhouse effects |
energy from the sun heats the earth's surface and atmospheric gases trap some of the outgoing energy. The gases that do this like water vapor and carbon dioxide are known as greenhouse gases |
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six main greenhouse gases |
1.carbon dioxide CO2 2.Methane CH4 3.Nitrous oxide N2O Three florinated gases 4.Hydroflourocarbons HFCs 5.perfluorocarbons PFCs 6.sulfur hexafloride SF
Water vapor is also considered a greenhouse gas |
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Kyoto Protocol |
Cinternational agreement intended to reduce greenhouse gas
3 Mechanisms 1.emissions trading--trying to reduce CO2 emissions 2.clean development mechanism--incentivises cleaner tools 3.joint implementation |
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Health Effects of Climate Change |
Respitory diseases--mostly because of increased air pollution Cardiovascular disease--also due to increased air pollution
Ohio has especially bad air quality
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hydrologic cycle |
evaporation from oceans, precipitates on land, runoff goes back to oceans |
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groundwater |
supply of freshwater found beneath the earth's surface |
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water scarcity |
water supply below 1000 sqiare meters of water per person per year |
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aquifer recharge |
when aquifers are refilled by precipitation |
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fundimental causes of water crises |
water shortage human activity water contamination political reasons inequality climate change |
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hydrodynamics |
the way water moves--severly altered by dams, levies, canals and other human activites |
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Impact of water quality on disease |
80% of diseases in the developing world are caused by contaminated water
Access to clean water would save 2 million lives per year
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Impact of water quality on enviornment |
20% of freshwater fish species are on the edge of extinction from contaminated water
half of the worlds major rivers are seriously depleated or polluted
more than 300,000 contaminated water sites exist in the US alone |
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main forms of drinking water contamination |
1.microbial 2.chemical 3. radiological
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microbial water contamination |
fecal oral route--leads to diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and death |
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Chemical water contamination |
long term exposure to pollutants--increased cancer incidence and organ failure |
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radiological water contamination |
increase in long term incidence of cancer, reduced blood cell counts, and high exposures lead to death |
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point source water contamination |
a stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged, any single identifiable source of pollution |
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nonpoint source wter contamination |
a siffuse pollution surce |
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naturally occuring chemical water contaminants |
nitrate--connected to blue baby syndrome flouride--can have positive or negative effects on tooth health depending on concentration Arsenic--deadly in high levels, and linked to skin disease in cancer, but is expensive to remove cyanobacteria--bacteria that can toxify water |
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human caused chemical water contaminants |
persistant organic polllutants (POPs)--chemicals that degrade very slowly Pesticides also contribute (and sometimes are related to nitrate in water supplies) |
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sources of microbiological water contaminants |
heavy rainfall and flooding contribute to waterborne disease outbreaks |
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indicator concept |
traditional indicators are coliform organisim, but the idea is that the microbial quality of water is based on measurable indicators |
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mutli-barrier approach for drinking water protection |
concept taht if one barrier fails than others will minimize pathogens presence in water Source water protection water treatment processes disinfection distribution systems water supply security |
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wastewater reuse programs |
seperatation beween water with bodily waste and other wastewater and use of this safer wastewater for crop irrigation |
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virus |
piece of RNA or DNA wrapped in a protien |
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capsid |
viral protiens that coat genetic materials in a virus |
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envelope |
a surrounding for the capsid present in some viruses, a lipid membrane |
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major foodborne and waterborne illnesses |
1.gastroenteritis--caused by a vareity of viruses 2.hepatitis 3.others--including polio, entervirus 4.influenza |
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noroviruses |
cause of most foodborne illness, however regular methods of decontamination are less effective against this virus
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influenza |
virus with an envelope characterized by number of haemagglutinin and neruaminidase subtypes |
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colds |
30-50% caused by rhinoviruses 10-15% casued by coronaviruses 5-15% caused by influenza viruses |
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influenza symptoms |
fever, chills, body aches, sore throat, runny nose, headache |
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antigenic drift |
changes in viral protien through point mutations |
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antigenic shift |
changes in viral protiens through genetic reassortment |
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Flu vaccine |
the CDC predicts which three flu strains are most likely to occur and grow them seperately in batches of fertilized chicken eggs then the the strains are harvested and treated to increase recognition by immunce cells |
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neruaminidase |
chemical that keeps the virus from getting stuck to old cells |
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polio transmission |
politovirus is transmitted through oral and fecal routes |
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two main routes of vaccination |
based on polio vaccine--injection with "killed" viruses or weakened virus given orally |
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Wastes |
materials discarded with out concern for return |
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hazardous wastes |
solid wastes or combination which cause or significantly contribute to increase in mortality, or serious morbidity or pose a substantial threat to human health or environmental quality |
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) |
regulates and defines hazardous wastes, Lists and Characterisitcs of hazardous wastes |
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hazardous characteristics of chemical wastes |
toxicity flammability corrosiveness reactive |
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Toxic wastes |
compounds that interact with things biomacromolecules (protiens, carbs, lipids) cells and tissues within the human body resulting in adverse biochemical and physiological responses |
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flammable wastes |
compounds that act as a fuel in the presence of an ignition source plus air and will burn |
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Reactive wastes |
copounds and mixtures that are extremely unstable--may enter rapid/violent combustion or explosion or release toxic byproducts |
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corrosive waste |
compounds that induce tissue damage and severe irritation due to interaction with water in tissues
capable of corroding steel |
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radiactive waste |
ionizing radition from unstable isotops which cause cancer and other adverse health effects |
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Hazardous characteristics of biological waste |
infective/pathonogenic--organisms or viruses that can cause infections in humans
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Solid waste disposal act |
regulates trash and garbage
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Difference between trash and garbage |
Trash is paper waste, garbage is everything else |
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Hadardous and Solid Waste Amendments |
amended RCRA and emphisized restrictions on land deposal and underground storage tanks |
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Medical Waste Tracking Act |
now expired but it was an amendment to RCRA which addressed medical waste |
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Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and LIability Act (CERCLA) |
called superfund it regluates uncontrolled releases and remediation |
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Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) |
amendment of CERCLA, addresses protection of waste facility and site workers |
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Clean Water Act |
regulates point and non-point discharges, establishes standards |
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Safe Drinking Water Act |
regulates contaminantes in public water systems used for potable water (water used for cooking and consuming) |
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Clean Air Act |
regulates emissions from mobile and statuanry sources |
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
regulates registration, sale, use and disposal of pesticide |
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Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) |
regulates manufacture and registration of new chemical products |
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Hazardous Materials Transportation Act |
regulates transportation of hazardous materials and wastes, addresses containers, labeling and placarding |
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Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) |
regulates woker health, specific sections are related to hazardous waste disposal operations |
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Treatment of hazardous wastes |
Seperate stabalize distroy (detoxify/disinfect) |
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Treatment Categories for waste |
Thermal Physical Chemical Biological
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Thermal Waste Treatment |
Incineration--burning Vitrification--contaminated soils heated to form glass like solid which imobilizes and seperates waste Autoclaving--steam serilization |
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Physical Waste Treatment |
flocculation/ filtration--denser pieces are seperated by sedimentation or filtration Carbon Adsorption--organics are seperated onto surface of activated carbon Vapor Stripping--Volitile organic compunds are seperated Liquid Absorption--inorganics sperated from gaseaous wastestream by water Distillation/Conensation |
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Chemical Treatments for Wastes |
Oxidation/reduction Immobilization Precipitation Neutralization |
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Biologic Treatments for Wastes |
aerobic oxidation--oxygen introduced into the the waste to degrade and destroy compounds
Anerabic--microorganisms consume degrade and destroy componds (Ex. Composting) |
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Waste Disposal |
Air: Combustion, Processes, Evaporation Water: Lakes, oceans Soil: Landfilling, Repository and Deep Well Injection
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Risk Assessment Key Steps |
Hazard Identification Dose Response Exposure Assessment Risk Characterization |
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Risk |
Likelihood of adverse health effect resulting from exposure to a ptential hazard |
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Hazard |
source of potential adverse health effects |
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Hazard Identification Tests |
Structure-Activity relationships In-vitro and short term tests animal bioassays epidemiological data--best source
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Gene |
Specific defined segment of DNA composed of chemicals called dioxyribonuclotide that encodee for a protein |
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Genetics |
the study of genes and their role in inheritance |
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genomics |
the study of all of a person's DNA and how it interacts with the environment |
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Mutations |
unrepaired changes in the nucliotide sequence of a DNA segment (damage) |
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Polymorphisms |
inheritied variations in the necleotide sequence of DNA |
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) |
one base change in the strand of DNA--accounts for 90% of human genetic variation |
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Genotype |
necleotide sequence of a gene or the complete genetic constitution of an individual |
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phenotype |
the phsyical trait of the nucleotide sequences as expressed in a particular environment |
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Somatic |
cells that make up the human body excluding sex cells. Somatic Mutations are not inherited.
Can be caused by environment (Ex. UV radiation) |
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germline |
cells that make up sex cells. Germline mutations are inherited |
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DNA Damage |
any nucleotide changes that are different from the original DNA sequence |
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Alleles |
Alternative forms of a particular gene at a specific location on a chromosome inherited from the maternal and paternal genomes |
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Homozygous |
Both Alleles are for the same gene |
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Heterozygous |
the alleles for a gene are different |
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Correlation |
statistical estimate for the level of relatedness between variables |
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Causation |
there is a defined mechanism that leads from exposure to manifest disease |
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Necessary cause |
the exposure must be present fo the disease to occur. The exposure may be present without disease occuring |
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sufficient cause |
if the exposure is present then the disease must occur. the disease can occur in the absence of the exposure |
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Environmental Genome Project (EGP) |
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences developed the long term goal of characterizing how specific human genetic variations/polymorphisms contribute to environmentally induced disease suseptibility using population-based large number research methods |
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Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) |
protection for Americans from discrimination based on information derived from genetic tests
Forbids insurance companies from discriminating and prohibits insurers and employeers from requiring genetic tests |
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Toxicology |
The science of poisons |
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Six Applied areas of toxicology |
Clinical, Forensic, Analytical, Environmental, Occupation alnd Regulatory |
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Determination of Toxicity |
All agents are toxic, it is the dose that determines toxicity |
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Dose |
amount of an agent that comes into contact with a living organism or part of the living organism
Often expressed in terms of body weight and time |
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Major routes of exposure |
ingestion, inhilation or dermal |
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ADME |
Absorbtion, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination |
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Absorbtion |
Substance entering body before entering systemic circulation |
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Distribution |
Disperson of substance through fluides and tissues of body |
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Metabolism |
Transformation of parent compounds into daughter compounds--biotransformation |
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Elimination |
Excretion is a bette definition, removal of substances from body |
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Human Health Risk Assessment |
the process to estimate the nature, probabilty and magnitude of adverse health effects in humans who may be exposed to chemicals in contaminated environmental media |
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Foodborne Illness |
the sickness people experience after consuming food and beverages contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, chemicals or physical agents |
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Factors that increasing Foodborne Illness |
1.Known pathogens are being found in a growing number of foods 2.new pathogens are being discovered 3.the number of people who are immunocomprimsed or otherwise at risk of foodborne illness is growing |
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Causes of foodbone illness |
Biological Hazards--Bacteria, viruses, parasites Chemical Hazards--harmful substances that can be ingested with food Physical Hazards --foreign objects that get into foods |
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Classification of Acute Foodborne Illnesses |
Infections--biological hazards consumed with food Intoxications--poisonings caused by eating food with toxic chemicals Toxin-Mediated infection--Eating food with contains harmful microorgamisms that produce a toxin |
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Onset time |
amount of time between consumption of a contaminated food and the appearance of the first symptoms of illness |
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Spores |
inactive or dormant forms of bacteria cells that enable the organism to survive when its envrionment is too hot, cold, dry, acidic or when there is not enough food |
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Hepatitis A |
Virus that causes a liver disease usually spread via the fecal-oral route and can contaminate food |
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Noroviruses |
a group of viruses that cause "stomach flu or gastroenteritus in people. People become infected by eating food or drinking liquids contaminted with the virus or by direct contact with people who are infected and showing symptoms |
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Foodborne Illnesses caused by Parasite |
roundworms--caused by humans who eat parasite-infested fish, symptoms include vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever
A parasite associated with fresh fruit causes diarrhea and bloating |
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biomagnification |
occurs when the toxic burden of a large number of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by predators at a higher trophic level |
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Food Allergens |
the overreaction of a person immune system to a substance (Ex. Peanuts) |
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ciguatoxin |
a toxin produced by marine algae that live among certain coral reefs. The algae are eaten by fish and when people eat the fish they can suffer ciguatoxin poisoning |
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Scombrotoxin |
a type of toxin in food that can poison people. Also known as histamine poisoning |
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Risk factors for foodborne illness |
improper holding temperatures poor personal hygiene improper cooking temperatures food from unsafe sources contaminated equipment and cross-contamination
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Endochrine disruption |
looks like a hormone to a cell but does not due what a regular hormone does |
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temperature danger zone |
rapid growth of infectious agents and toxin producing microorganisms facilitated by food that is at a certain temperature |
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cross-contamination |
the transfer of pathogens from one food to another via contaminated hands, equipment or utensils |
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Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) |
a central paradigm of food safety designed to identify and control problems that may cause foodborne illnesses before they happen |
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Agencies responsible for food safety |
US Department of Agriculture FDA CDC EPA Pulsenet and Fight BAC--Govnt programs
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Consumer Advisories |
Notes informing customers the dangers of eating raw or undercooked animal foods or ingredients |
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Food Irradation |
food safety technology that uses high energy radiation to reduce or eliminate pathnogenic bacteria, insects and parasites |
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emerging threats to food safety |
mad cow disease bioterrorism food security--protecting against deliberate contamination industrial food production--critics argue that this increases fossil fuel consumption, creates food with less nutrtional value and increases contamination |
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Environment |
where living organisms co-exist with absolute dependene on the matrices of air, water, soil and food |
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ecosystem |
dynamic complex of plant animal and microorganism communities and the non-living environment interacting as a functional unit |
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toxicity |
the ability of a chemical, biochemical or radiological substance to produce an unwanted adverse effect when it has reached a certain dose for an exposure |
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infectivity |
the ability of a biological agent to produce an unwanted adverse effect when it has reached a certain population size at an exposure site |
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allergenicity |
the ability of a chemical, biochemical or biological agent to prduce an unwanted adverse effect when it has reached a certain does at an exposure site |
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categories of contaminant contact and entry |
inhalation--respiratory system ingestion-gastrointestinal system absorption-skin/eyes injection-skin puncture/cut |
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external exposure |
calculation and estimation of concentrations or levels of agents or factors which individuals are exposed externally while in environmental settings |
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steps to determine environmental exposure |
exposure susceptibility to disease biologically effective dose biological response (disease) |
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environmental monitoring |
field evaluation of the outdoor and indoor enviornemtns to dtermine exposure and adverse effects |
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biomarkers |
molecular, subcellular or ceullular structures detected in body fluids and tissues that provide measurements and information relative to internal exposure and disease |
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internal exposure |
detection and measurment of concentration or dose of agent deposited or absorbed into the body |
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medical monitoring |
clinical evalutations of humans to determine the magnitude of internal exposure and the adverse effect
This includes acute and chronic exposure from mutliple sources |
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effective exposure |
impact caused by external and internal exposure |
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exposome |
examine integrated exposure accross the life course in order to recognise the influence of the environment and multiple environmental exposures that contribute to initiation and progression of various diseases |
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microbiology |
the study of life too small to see with the naked eye |
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taxonomic classification |
genus and species, Genus always capitalized, species never capitalized, once mentioned abreaviated either italicized or individually underlined |
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role of microbes |
they are the primary decomposers, base of the food chain but produce food products and antibiotics. Sythesize chemicals our body needs but can't sythesizem |
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Microbial antagonism |
normal flora prevents pathogens from taking over our body |
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microscopic techniques |
visible light microscopy florescence microscopy electron microscopy Scanning probe imaging
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ways of aquiring microoganisms for study |
sampling-water, soil air culturing and growing
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risk assessment |
the process of estimating both the probability that an event will occur AND the probable magnitude of its adverse effects over a specified time period |
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hazard identification |
define the hazard and the nature of harm |
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exposure assessment |
determine the concentration of the agent and estimate the rate intake |
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dose-response assessment |
quantify the adverse effects from exposure to the agent based on the degree of exposure |
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risk characterization |
estimate the potential impact from the agent based on the severity of effects and the amount of exposure |
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No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) |
The highest exposre at which there is no stastically or biologically significant increase in the freqency of an adverse effect when compared to a control group |
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Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) |
the lowest dose at which there is a significant increase in an observable effect
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Gold standard for examining toxicity |
animal bioassays |
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mechanism of action |
a detailed understanding at the molecular level of all the steps involved in the carcinogenic process for a chemical |
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mode of action |
a general description of the manner in which a chemical might acto to produce its effect |
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Threshold |
Dose below which no additional increase in response is observed |
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point of departure (POD) |
used to specify the estimated dose near the lower end of the observed dose range, below which extrapolation to lower exposures is necessary |
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reference dose (RfD) vs Reference concentration (RfC) |
Dose--air Concentration--water or air
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Reference Dose |
an estimate of daily exposure to the human population that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deletorious effect during a lifetime
RfD=POD/UF |
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Non-Threshold approaches |
characterized by dose-response curve that goes through the origin no "safe dose" forms the basis of cancer assessments conservative and controversial |
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Risk estimation |
Exposure x toxicity` |
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Four steps of risk assessment |
1.hazard indentification 2.dose-response assessment 3.exposure assessmetn 4.risk characterization |
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four types of hazard identification tests |
1.structure-activity relationships 2.in vetro or short term tests 3.animal bioessays 4.epidemological data |
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Exposure assessment |
find the exposure pathways and calculate dose by using assumptions based on exposure pathways |
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ways of exposing cancer risk |
canter potency factor unit risk |
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Cancer slope factors |
the risk of cancer per mg chemical per kg body weight per day. Steeper slope means more potent carcinogen |
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uncertainty |
lack of precise knowledge, incomplete knowledge, types:data and model |
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Variability |
range of values in quantities related to risk sources: Exposure, potency, susceptibility |
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susceptibility |
Age (children and elderly usually more at risk) sex race pre-existing health condition nutrition status |
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Risk communication |
two way exhange of information about environmental, health, and safety threats |
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goals of risk communiciation |
enhance knowledge and understanding build trust and credibility encourage dialogue influence attitudes, decisions and behaviors
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seven cardinal rules of risk communication |
1.involve reciever as legitimate partner 2.plan risk communication strategies 3.listen to audience 4.be honest, frank and open 5.coordinate and collaborate with other credible sources 6.plan for media influence 7.speak clearly and with compassion |
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Four models of risk communication |
1.risk perception 2.mental noise model 3.negative dominance model 4. trust determination model |
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risk perception model |
risks that kill or harm people are not necesserily the same risk as those that alarm and upset people Risk=Hazard+Outrage |
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mental noise model |
people under high stress have a reduced ability to process information well |
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negative dominance model |
negative information recieves greater weight in high stress situations |
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Trust determination model |
trust is the most important factor in determining perceptions of risk |
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media selectivity and bias |
media often focuses on contreversy/conflict or rare occurances as as a result is not always good at giving a whole picture |
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newsworthyness |
stories that will attract the attention of readers, listeners and viewers. usually dramatic or unusual |
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factors that create misperception and misunderstanding |
1.availibility-easily accessed and remembered 2.conformity-everyone else believes something 3.overconfidence in ones ability to avoid harm 4.confirmation bias 5.public aversian to uncertainty 6.reluctance of people to change strongly held beliefs |
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strategies for effective risk communication |
have a plan in advance message mapping high quality information address challenges presented by media and by misperception and misunderstanding |
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message mapping |
a tool with a detailed hierarchy and organization designed to respond to anticipate questions and to deliver key messages |
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Steps to foster comprehensive and balanced media reporting |
1.accept media as legitimate parnter 2.plan for all media interations 3.meet functional needs of media 4.be candid and open with reporters 5.listen to target audience and spell things out 6.coordante with other credible sources 7.speak clearly and with compassion |
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risk comparisons |
device used to help member of the public place risk in perspective (example: synergystic relationship between radon and smoking) |
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tools ued for overcoming misperception and misunderstanding |
using empirical data exhanging info with stakeholders regularly developing limited number of clear key messages citing credible sources constructing postitive messages |
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Primary pollutant |
pollutant from a direct source |
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criteria pollutants |
regulartory category of pollutants governed by the cleaner air act. Includes CO2 and ozone |
