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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Source and effect of:
Ozone |
source = smog = formed when UV hits NO
effect = respiratory irritant |
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1. Source and effect of:
Carbon Monoxide
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source = fossil fuel burning
effect = insidious CNS depressent |
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1. Source and effect of:
Particulates |
source = mineral dusts and combustion products = diesel fuel = sulfur and nitrogen dioxide
effect = pulm. inflammation, fibrosis, heart abnormalities |
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1. Pathologic risk of ultrafine particulates? |
can reach terminal respiratory units and cross the epithelial lining to trigger inflammation and arrhythmias.
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1. pathologic mechanism of ultrafine particulates? |
Mechanism involves release of cytokines which mediate lung inflammation and can adversely affect heart rate; cytokines also have procoagulant effects that may lead to thrombi and the risk of cardiac arrest. |
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1. Source and effect of:
Formaldehyde |
source = foam insulation, glues, wood products
effect = asthma, contact dermatitis |
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1. Source and effect of:
Asbestos fibers |
source =insulation, floor and ceiling tiles <1970s
effect = mesothelioma, lung fibrosis, cancer |
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1. Source and effect of:
radon |
source = ground
effect = lung cancer |
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1. ______ is by far the greatest single source of radiation exposure to the general public. |
Radon is by far the greatest single source of radiation exposure to the general public. |
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2. Examples of volatile organic chemicals |
Carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, gasoline |
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2. Main route of exposure for volatile organic chemicals? |
lung absorption |
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2. Effect of volatile organic chemical exposure? |
headache, dizziness, liver and kidney toxicity |
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2. Examples of organic compounds |
vinyl chloride, phthalate esters, |
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2. Route of exposure for organic compounds |
lung, skin, GI absorption |
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2. Product and toxic effects of:
vinyl chloride |
product = PVC products
toxic effects = liver angiosarcoma |
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2. Product and toxic effects of:
phalate esters |
product = flexible plastics/shower curtains
toxic effects = mimic estrogens, reproductive toxin in animals |
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2. Product and toxic effects of:
Bisphenol A |
product = polycarbonate bottles, food cans
toxic effects = VERY important estrogen mimic = proliferative effects = cancer |
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2. Product and toxic effects of:
PCBs |
product = capacitors, transformers, vacuum pump oils, hydraulic fluids
toxic effects = Chloracne, rashes, liver damage, endocrine disrupter, probable carcinogen |
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An acne-like eruption from exposure to chlorinated organic compounds that cause ____________ of sebaceous glands is known as ________ |
An acne-like eruption from exposure to chlorinated organic compounds that cause squamous metaplasia of sebaceous glands is known as chloracne |
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3. Pathologic mechanism of mercury poisoning? |
cell membrane damage by binding of mercury to sulfhydryl groups in proteins |
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3. Health effects of high dose mercury poisoning |
kidney dysfunction, cognitive impairment, mental retardation, death |
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3. Ingested lead absorption by adults and children? |
eadily absorbed by children (50%)
poorly absorbed by adults (10%) |
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3. Presentation of lead poisoning in adults? |
abdominal pain headache |
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3. Presentation of lead poisoning in children? |
mental deterioration - poor performance on intelligence tests
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3. Mechanism of lead poisoning? |
binds to sulfhydryl groups, causing altered tertiary structure/function of proteins |
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3. Lead interferes with what notable enzyme |
ferrochelatase, a key enzyme in heme synthesis --> anemia |
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3. Lead can be stored in what tissue? |
Bone e.g. radiodense deposits in epiphyseal growth plates |
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3. Routes of exposure for insecticides |
Dermal Inhalation |
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3. Action of organophosphates? Effects? Lab Test? |
Action = Irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase
Effects = blurred vision, nausea, paralysis, unconsciousness
Lab test = cholinesterase activity in blood |
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3. Action of Carbamates? Effects? Lab Test? |
Action = Reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase,
Effects = diarrhea, abdominal pain, respiratory difficulty
Lab test = Carbamate metabolites in urine |
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Why dont you test cholinesterase for carbamate poisoning? |
blood cholinesterase activity may be normal depending on dose and time lag |
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4. Two critical imbalances in cigarette smoking? |
1. Protease-antiprotease imbalance = elastase >>> alpha-1-antitrypsin
2. Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance = free radicals in smoke deplete anti-oxidants |
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4. Mechanism of harmful effects of ethanol? |
1. Produces toxic acetaldehyde 2. NAD gets depleted oxidizing it to acetate 3. decreased NAD = fatty acid oxidation/excretion 4. increased NADH = increased fat storage |
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1B. Is velocity or mass more important for the effect of trauma? |
velocity |
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1b. effect of surface area in trauma? |
more surface area = less injury |
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2b. Mild hypothermia temps? signs? |
32 – 35 C
Vigorous shivering to generate heat |
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2b. Moderate hypothermia temp? signs? |
28-32C
Decreased oxygen consumption CNS depression |
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2b. Severe hypothermia temp? signs? |
< 28 C
Ventricular fibrillation Pulmonary edema Coma/Death |
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Phases of cell cycle most susceptible to radiation |
G2 and M phase |
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Radiosensitivity is directly proportional to _______ and inversely proportional to ________ |
Radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the degree of mitotic division and inversely proportional to their degree of specialization |
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Low dose Acute radiation syndrome:
Tissue effected = Pathology = Time to death = |
Tissue effected = Bone marrow Pathology = anemia, hemorrhage, infection Time to death = 2-6 weeks |
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Moderate dose Acute radiation syndrome:
Tissue effected = Pathology = Time to death = |
Tissue effected = GI tract Pathology = sloughing of epithelium, infection Time to death = 5-14 days |
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High dose Acute radiation syndrome:
Tissue effected = Pathology = Time to death = |
Tissue effected = CNS Pathology = Edema, necrosis Time to death = 1-4hr |
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Delayed Effects of Total Body Radiation? |
-Cataract formation -Cancer -Mutations in germ cells which manifest as developmental abnormalities in the next generation |
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Type of UV radiation associated with skin cancer? |
UV-B |
