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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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“There is nothing more practical than a good theory”
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T. Von Karam
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“The things that count the most are those that cannot be counted”
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Albert Einstein
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“Only the golden mean is constant in nature”
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Herodotus
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"Be the change you want to see in the world"
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Gandhi
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What is the golden mean?
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1.618
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Conceptual Framework
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resources
society the environment |
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3 sub categories of Resources?
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natural vs. artificial
human resources neutral stuff |
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FOUR KINDS OF RESOURCES
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perpetual
renewable non-renewable potential |
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perpetual
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resources that are constantly available for use (ex: solar energy)
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renewable
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resources with a steady flow of renewing. (ex: hydroenergy)
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non renewable
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resources with an unchanging amount, which can be
stocked. (ex: mineral ores) |
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potential
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resources which may have future use (ex: solid waste)
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what does "simbiosis" mean?
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all types of life in common
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2 types of ecological hierarchies?
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nested
non nested |
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what 8 things does society involve?
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ecological hierarchies
the individual the population the community the ecosystem the lansdcape the ecoregion the biosphere |
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thermodynamic laws?
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energy is perpetual / life is a transformation
and entropy is ever growing in a constant envelope of enthalpy |
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matter vs. antimatter
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phenosystem and cryptosystem
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medium vs. environ
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subject and object
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continent vs content
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part and whole
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action vs reaction
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cause and effect
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homeostasis vs homeorhesis
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level and flow
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core vs periphery
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center and margin
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determinism vs possibilism
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adapt and create
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what is environmental cognition?
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the process to identify the elements in the environment to make them useful to society
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what are the 5 sub topics of environmental cognition?
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view of nature
cultural background social conditions technology and economics scarcity |
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view of nature?
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ecocentrism and technocentrism
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cultural background?
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habits, traditions, preference, taste, consumerism
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social conditions?
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education, gender, age, income
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technology and economics?
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information, supply/demand, processing, substitution materials
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scarcity?
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absolute scarcity, ownership, allocation
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who created/illustrated the geographical bivlet?
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Eschler
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the collective of multidimensional space, whereby the range of possible variables are occupied within their tolerances, and the cybernetics that drives their systems?
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environment
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what contributes to the geoecological footprint?
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individual and societal values
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pragmatism?
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egocentric and uncertain
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romanticism?
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egocentric and limiting factors
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what are 3 management goals?
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maximization
minimization optimization |
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conservation without funding is _____?
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conversation
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where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation?
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the precautionary principle
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AGENDA 21. year? place?
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earth summit. 1992. rio de janerio.
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what determines resource use?
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the combination of natural, economic, and political factors
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who created/illustrated the geographical bivlet?
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Eschler
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the collective of multidimensional space, whereby the range of possible variables are occupied within their tolerances, and the cybernetics that drives their systems?
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environment
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what contributes to the geoecological footprint?
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individual and societal values
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pragmatism?
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egocentric and uncertain
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romanticism?
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egocentric and limiting factors
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what are 3 management goals?
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maximization
minimization optimization |
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conservation without funding is _____?
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conversation
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where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation?
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the precautionary principle
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AGENDA 21. year? place?
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earth summit. 1992. rio de janerio.
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what determines resource use?
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the combination of natural, economic, and political factors
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the study of natural resources and it’s management should be _____ and _____?
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integrative and interdisciplinary
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why is it important to shift thinking from old paradigms to new ones?
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to apply solutions in both specialized and inclusive ways
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"economists are pessimists; they have predicted 8 of the last 3 depressions"
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Barry Asmus
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what is the economic blivet?
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"glass half full or half empty" principle
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what is the continent?
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centrally planned economy and the unregulated marketplace
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what is the content?
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production sectors
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what is the process?
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the exchange of goods and services
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what is the mechanism?
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price
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define "price"?
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monetary value placed on an item
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what are the controls?
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market-rate adjustments, subsidies, and taxes
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what does "it depends" refer to?
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capital
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what is capital in a NARROW sense?
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one of the factors of production (land labor, entrepreneurship, management)
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what is capital in a BROADER sense?
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durable good to energize the production system (steam shovels, offices, equipment)
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what are the 6 main types of capital?
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financial
natural produced human social political |
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what are 3 things involved with resource maintenence?
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production
consumption distribution |
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(SMITH) open system unrestrained by environmental limits? (cowboy economics)
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neoclassical approach.
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(BOULDING) closed system with negative feedback effects (spaceship-earth econimics)
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modern approach
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(KNEESE) inputs and outputs are at equilibrium. (material-balance economics)
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postmodern approach
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(DALY) lowest range of thoughtput. not to maximize output for gain. (input-management econimics)
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current approach
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(GEORGESCU-ROEGEN) entropy concept in thermodynamics. (steady-state or sustainable model economics)
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latest approach
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ecology and economy should work together towards the goal of ____?
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sustainability
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sustainability quantifies _____ and _____ in monetary terms?
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natural and cultural resources
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who called for "sustainability consciousness?
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William Ruckelshaus of the EPA
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resources are ____?
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raw materials
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resources have low value as ____?
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commodities
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supply is relatively ____?
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inelastic
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price is a reflection of _____?
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demand
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price gouging is a reflection of _____ in the market?
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psychology
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price fluctuations are mediated by _____ and the _____?
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politics and the bureaucracy
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raw materials will usually show a ____ and ____?
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boom and bust!
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provides basic needs of life (food, clothing, shelter...)?
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commodities
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commodities are exchanged with a price as the ___ of the transaction?
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medium
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(scarcity) exhaustion of reserves?
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absolute scarcity
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(scarcity) imbalances and shortages in distribution?
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relative scarcity
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mobile peoples, natives, herding, recollection, hunting, fishing?
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subsistence
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a surplus is _____ and ______?
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centrally planned and commercial
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labor theory of value is ___?
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marxist
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consumer theory of value is ___?
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capitalist
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free market/ producers compete with each other for equality of goods?
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cost theory of value
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price determined by cost of energy of production?
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production theory of value
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supply goes up, demand goes ___?
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down
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prices set by other means than supply/demand? (imperfect market)
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unfair competition
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single buyer/seller is a ___?
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monopoly
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duopoly or oligopoly?
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two/ more than two (cartels)
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3 market imperfections?
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trade barriers
tarriffs quotas |
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____ and _____ are used to combat disparate markets?
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trading alliances
economic integration |
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cost effectiveness is ___?
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individual
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benefit-cost is ___?
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social
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2 examples of intangiables?
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supermarket- peanut butter
environment- hydroelectric power |
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what we can not measure at all?
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intangiables
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what we can not readily translate into monetary value is called ___?
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incommensurables
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incommensurables are given a ___?
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shadow price
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define "shadow price"?
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willingness to pay
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contingent valuation method?
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actual questionnaire
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proxy value method?
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summarized investment; "as if"
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replacement cost?
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equating a lost good with a new one
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owned by everyone but used by few?
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common property resources
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when, and by whom was "tragedy of the commons" written?
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Hardin (1968)
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commodities that change hands outside of the marketplace?
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externalities
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not only externalities, but include production cost? (ports, roads, etc)
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social costs
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pricing intervention or pollution control?
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residuals management
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affluent charges = _____ tax?
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residual
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disposal charge = _____ tax?
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throughput
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must be payed regardless?
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fixed costs
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depends on how much good is produced?
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variable costs
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