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345 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Ecology?
What is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, and the interaction that determine distribution and abundance?
Who termed the word Ecology?
What did Ernst Haeckel term in 1886?
What is an applied science?
What is the science that is gaining knowledge that is practical for benefiting humankind?
What is a pure or basic science?
What is the science that is gaining knowledge for knowledge's sake and may not appear directly useful to us?
Environmentalism is a _____ not a science.
_______ is a social concern, not a science.
What is environmental science?
What is the study of the environment and solutions to threats facing the environment?
Who said "We are burdensome to the world, the resources are scarcely adequate for us... Already nature does not sustain us"?
What did Tertullian say, lived from 160-220AD?
What is the mid-1800's romantic-transcendental conservation ethic or Preservationist ethic?
What is the ethic that John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt termed in 1903 where the National Parks were established?
Who said "Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul alike'?
What is one of John Muir's famous quotes?
Who was Gifford Pinchot?
What was the face of the early 1900's resource conservatoin ethic and was also the first chief of the forest service?
Who said "the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time?
What is Gifford Pinchot's famouse quote?
Who came up with the 1920's theoretical ecology (predator and prey cycle)
What did Alfred Lotka and Vito Volterra come up with?
In the 1920's who studied population, community, ecology, invasive species and was the first to conduct field study of small rodent populations (1926)?
What was Charles Elton known for?
Who termed the Evolutionary-Ecologic Land Ethic?
What did Aldo Leopold term?
Who said "that land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, nut that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics"?
Aldo Leopold quote
Who said "first rule of intelligent tinkering is to save all the pieces"?
Aldo Leopold quote
Who said "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beaty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise"?
Aldo Leopold quote
Who strongly believes that Man is a part of complex ecology?
Aldo Leopold said man is part of _____ _______.
What are the five components of the Ecological World View?
What do these five statements represent?
1. You cannot alter just one component of an ecological system
2. Human actions can have long-lasting ecological impacts.
3. We can learn from history
4. Conservation is essential
5. Evolution continues
What is a good example of complex interactions in ecosystems?
What is Lyme disease (spirochetes bacteria transmitted by ticks) a good example of?
Ecological phenomena occur at a variety of scales:
biological
spatial
temporal
What are the levels of biological organization in ecology?
individuals
populations
communities
ecosystems
landscapes/seascapes and biosphere (all one)
What is a spatial scale of a population?
what do these questions represent:
Are pop. of grass rockfish open or closed?
How will abundance be surveyed?
How many areas can we afford to survey?
What is a temporal scale of a population?
What do these questions represent:
What time of the year do juveniles recruit to the population?
Is mortality constant from year to year?
Do individuals aggregate to breed during certain times of the year?
How are ecological patterns studied?
through observation, experiments, and mathematical models, you can study _____ _____.
Correlation does not necessarily mean _____.
_______ does not necessarily mean causation.
What are the strengths of an observation as compared to experimentation?
With _____, the strength is that it is grounded in reality.
What are the strengths of an experimentation as compared to an observation?
With _________, the strengths are that the variables of interest can be controlled to infer mechanism (reductionist)
What are the weaknesses of an observation as compared to an experimentation?
With ______, the weakness is that it is mechanistically weak because conclusions are based on correlations.
What are the weaknesses of an experimentation as compared to an observation?
With _______, the weakness is that it is not realistic on larger scales and ignores emergent properties.
What are emergent properties?
What are novel properties that arise from the combination of simpler constituents?
What does ecology rely on?
What relies on true scientific methods and the application of rigorous statistics?
When do you accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis?
When you have low p values p<0.5 you _____ the null hypothesis and accept the ______ _______.
What is an ecological succession?
What is the predictable and orderly changes in time in the composition or structure of ecological communities?
What are the three fundamental points or course goals?
-multiple scales
-multiple forms of evidence
-true scientific methods and rigorous statistics
What are the threats to biodiversity?
-habitat destruction and fragmentation
-predation and competition from introduced species
-harvesting from humans
Who is tied to the Romantic-transcendental conservation ethic or preservationist ethic?
John Muir is tied to what ethic?
Who is tied to the resource conservation ethic?
Gifford Pinchot is tied to what ethic?
Who is tied to the evolutionary-ecologic land ethic?
Aldo Leopold is tied to what ethic?
Describe evolutionary-ecologic land ethic
Ecology, ethics, and interconnectedness between man and nature explains what ethic?
What is the coriolis effect?
Displacement of the air parcel is to the right in the N hemisphere and the left in the S hemisphere
What is a simplified explanation of Zonal pattern of surface winds?
What am I describing:
where winds converge, air must rise, and pressure is lowered. Where winds diverge, they must be supplied by sinking air, and the pressure must be relatively high.
What is the basic climatological structure of the earth?
What is this describing?
- warm, moist air rises at the equator (low pressure)
- upper air masses split
- Heats up and dries out descent
What places are located at ~30 degrees latitudes?
What latitudes are these located at?
(horse latitudes)
-Sahara
-Kalahari
-Mojave
-Sonoran
Define Climate
What is something that describes conditions typical for a region, is predictable, and arises from the uneven heating of the planet?
Define Weather
What describes short-term variability, is difficult, but not impossible, to predict, and chaotic but not random?
Local variation in topography can override broad climatic patterns at ____________.
_______ variation in topography can override ______ climatic patterns at moderate-large spatial scales.
What is microclimate?
What is local variation in topography can override broad climatic patterns at infinitesimally small spatial scales?
What are biomes and floristic regions?
What does this describe?
-A large geographic region where plants have similar physiological adaptations to climate
-Characterized by the types of species, rather than particular species
-Can be recognized from an airplane or fast moving car
How can Biomes be classified?
What can be classified by precipitation and temperature?
What are Xerocoles?
What are desert-adapted animals called?
What are a few ways that Xerocoles have adapted to the extreme desert conditions?
What are these adaptations for?
-burrow during peak daylight hours
-forage at dusk/dawn or night
-Surface grazer animals adapted strategies to conserve and store water as well as making use of available watering holes
-rabbits and tortoises eat succulent plants
-Carnivores get water from their prey
What are different marine biomes?
Temperate, estuaries, mangrove, coral reefs, hydrothermal vents, polar, and open ocean
There are more species with ___ range sizes than ___ range sizes.
There are ____ species with small range sizes than large range sizes.
What is Rapoport's Rule?
(But it really isn't a rule)
What is the idea that species closer to the equator have smaller range sizes?
There seems to be a possitive relationship between species with larger ranges and _____.
There seems to be a _____ relationship between species with larger ranges and abundance.
What are generalists?
What are species that become widespread and common, with a wide diet breadth?
What are specialists?
What are species that have smaller ranges and are generally less abundant, with a narrow diet breadth?
What is a species potential range vs actual range?
What is the range that may be much larger than actual range? What is the range that may be limited by geographic barriers, dispersal limitations, or species interactions?
What is a way you could test a species potential versus actual range?
What are transplant experiments used for?
What is Liebig's Law of the minimum?
What is the rate of any biological process is limited by a single factor that is least available, relative to an organism's requirements?
What is Shelford's Law of Tolerance?
What is the law that applied Lieberg's principle to describe species distribution in natural communities?
What is the most fundamental characteristic of the physical environment?
Climate is the ____ ______ characteristic of the physical environment.
Climate determines the _____ _______ of organisms.
What determines the geographic distribution of organisms?
Ocean currents affect ____.
____ currents affect climate.
What is the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt?
What is the circulation called where ocean surface waters are warmer and less aline than deep waters, and thus less dense and the layers don't mix?
What is the process of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt?
What is it called where warm tropical currents reach polar areas, the water cools, ice forms, and the water becomes more saline and more dense. The water mass sinks in these regions, and mves back toward the equator?
What is something else that influences climate?
vegetation can also influence _____.
What is Albedo?
What is the capacity of a land surface to reflect solar radiation and is influenced by vegetation type, soils, and topography?
What is evapotranspiration?
What is the sum of water loss through transpiration by plants and evaporation from the soil?
What are some regional climatic influences?
Loss or alteration of vegetation, deforestation which will increase the albedo of the land surface, and less cooling by evapotranspiration due to loss in leaf area. What are these influences?
What establishes global patterns of temperature and precipitation?
Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns establish global patterns of _____ and _____.
What percentage of the water on the planet is salty?
97% of water on the planet is ____.
Where is freshwater stored?
____ is stored in glaciers, snow, and very deep groundwater.
What are the spatial zonation of a stream?
What are the main channel, benthic zone, and hyperheic zone all part of?
What is the river continuum concept?
What describes the compositional changes of biological communities with stream order and channel size?
What are the different zones near shore in the ocean?
Where are these zones located?
-Terrestrial (land plants)
-Littoral zone (emerged plants, floating plants, submerged plants)
-Limnetic zone (open water)
-Euphotic zone( a layer of water in the Limnetic zone)
How fast do both kelp and coral grow?
_____ grows rapidly (30cm/day in SoCA)
______ grows slowly (.8-80mmm/yr)
What is Ekman transport?
What am I describing?Because of the coriolis effect, the top layer of ocean water moves 45 degrees to the right from where the wind is traveling in the northern hemisphere, which then pushes the water layer beneath it by friction but continues to turn more then the top layer. This continues down the many different ocean layers.
upwelling regions are only ___% of ocean surface, but ___% of global fish landings.
____ ______ are only 1% of ocean surface and 50% of global fish landings.
What is the different between the east coast and west coast and how nutrients accumulate?
The ___ coast supplies most nutrients to coastal ecosystems from river outflow, and the ___ coast supplies nutrients through wind-driven upwelling.
What limits ranges on a global scale?
Dispersal often limits ranges on a _____ scale.
What are the two main types of dispersal?
Diffusion (gradual spread) and jump _____ (rapid spread over large distances) are two main types of _____.
What could have prevented the Zebra Mussel invasion into Great Lakes and beyond?
Ballast water exchange more frequently at more stops could have helped lessen the invasion of the ____ ____ into the Great Lakes and beyond.
What is Reid's Paradox?
What is the discrepancy between observed and expected range expansion based on average seed dispersal distances at the end of the ice age?
Migration depends on _____ events not _____ events (wind or animals can bring seed further).
______depends on extreme events not average events.
What three questions are asked to find out if a range is limited by physical or chemical factors?
Why would these questions be asked?
1. Which life stage is most vulnerable?
2. What is the physiological tolerance at that stage?
3. Does the factor vary more than the organism can tolerate outside of its range?
Who is Joseph Connell and what did he study?
Who is a professor from UCSB in the Dep. of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology that pioneered field ecological experiments through intertidal habitat experimentation in Scotland?
What is the relationship of Joseph Connell's Balanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus in the intertidal zone?
who studied this?
upper intertidal- Balanus dessicates in this zone allowing Chthamalus to thrive
Middle- Where Balanus can survive it outcompetes Chthamalus
Lower- Balanus is subject to predation in the lower tidal zone
What hypothesis is supported by Joseph Connell's results of his research on Balanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus in the intertidal?
Whos hypothesis is this?
In the intertidal- abiotic factors tend to limit the upper distribution of organisms, while biotic factors tend to limit the lower distribution of organisms.
Which tide is more extreme and why?
A spring tide is more ____ than a neap tide because the gravitational pull of the moon and sun is stronger when in line during spring tide.
What is Turesson's common garden?
in the 1920's and 1930 what and who experimented to determine how much species geographic differences were due to environment vs genes?
What is an example of a species with variation?
What is the Sapphire rockcress, a rare perennial herb that has 19 populations separated into two groups, an example of in ecology? (high and low locations)
Who termed the word Ecotypes and what is it?
Turesson termed _____ which is a genetically distinct group within a species due to adaptation.
How does dispersal influence variation within species?
There is a negative correlation between dispersal and ____ because lower dispersal ability means greater diversity.
Even if we curtail emissions now, we have already "_____" to a certain amount of impact from current and past emissions.
Even if we curtail ____ now, we have already "committed" to a certain amount of impact from current and past emissions.
What did NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) predict?
Who predicted a reduced precipitation across the Southwest?
What is the American Beech an example of in ecology?
What plants has migrated north since the last ice age at a rate of 0.2km/yr because of global warming?
What is Phenology?
What is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events?
What can limit ranges on a LOCAL scale?
the physical-chemical environment (temp, desiccation), biological environment (predators, competition, diseases, parasites) can all limit ranges on a ____ scale.
The example of predator control of the gray wolves in Yellowstone is an example of the "______" or ___ ___.
What is a good example of a "top-down effect" of top predators on other animals and plants in the food web or trophic cascade?
____ or ____ factors usually limit ranges on regional and continental scales.
Physical or chemical factors usually limit ranges on _____ and _____ scales.
Water in most ____ flows slowly underground feeding rivers and lakes.
Water in most aquifers flows slowly underground feeding ___ and ____.
Each species has a range of ______ ______ that determines its potential geographic distribution.
Each species has a range of environmental tolerances that determines its potential _____ _____.
A fundamental principle in ecology and biogeography is that geographic ranges of species are related to _____ imposed by the environment.
A fundamental principle in ecology and biogeography is that _____ _____ of species are related to constraints imposed by the environment.
What are two ways that organisms can cope with environmental variation?
Tolerance and avoidance are two ways organisms can ____ with _____.
What is a species' climate envelope?
What is the range of conditions over which a species it occurs?
Physiological processes have a set of _____ conditions for functioning.
_____ processes have a set of optimal conditions for functioning.
Deviations from the optimum conditions ____ the rate of the process.
____ from the optimum conditions reduce the rate of the process.
What is stress for species?
What is an environmental change resulting in decreased rates of important physiological processes, lowering the potential for survival, growth, or reproduction of a species?
Can organisms adjust to stress through behavior or physiology? What is this called?
Organisms can adjust to ____ through behavior or physiology called acclimatization.
Over time, natural selection can result in _____ to environmental stress.
Over time, ____ ____ can result in adaptation to environmental stress.
What are ectotherms?
What are species that primarily regulate body temp. through energy exchange with the external environment?
What are endotherms?
What are species that primarily rely on internal heat generation for ex. mostly birds and mammals?
Over time, natural selection can result in _____ to environmental stress.
Over time, ____ ____ can result in adaptation to environmental stress.
What is a scientific hypothesis?
What is an explanation of events or observation?
What are ectotherms?
What are species that primarily regulate body temp. through energy exchange with the external environment?
What is a scientific theory?
What is the highest level of scientific understanding, based on numerous hypotheses and years of study by many scientists?
What are endotherms?
What are species that primarily rely on internal heat generation for ex. mostly birds and mammals?
_____ _____ is the mechanism that explain s evolution.
Natural selection is the mechanism that explains ____.
What is a scientific hypothesis?
What is an explanation of events or observation?
What is evolution by natural selection?
What is it called when over time, traits of species will be selected to match well with a particular species' environment.
What is a scientific theory?
What is the highest level of scientific understanding, based on numerous hypotheses and years of study by many scientists?
What are examples of traits that will be selected through natural selection?
Genetic variation (morphological, physiological, behavioral traits), competition, and differntial reproduction (the "fittest" reproduce to pass genes on to the next generation) are all examples of what?
_____ _____ is the mechanism that explain s evolution.
Natural selection is the mechanism that explains ____.
What is sexual dimorphism?
What is secondary sex characteristic distinction in a species?
What is evolution by natural selection?
What is it called when over time, traits of species will be selected to match well with a particular species' environment.
What is sexual selection?
what is selection towards secondary sex characteristics that leads to sexual dimorphism?
What are examples of traits that will be selected through natural selection?
Genetic variation (morphological, physiological, behavioral traits), competition, and differntial reproduction (the "fittest" reproduce to pass genes on to the next generation) are all examples of what?
What is sexual dimorphism?
What is secondary sex characteristic distinction in a species?
What is sexual selection?
what is selection towards secondary sex characteristics that leads to sexual dimorphism?
How does smoke population control effect the peppered moth (Biston betularia)?
There is a ____ correlation between smoke pollution control and the peppered moth. The more pollution control, the less moths are around.
What is a balancing selection?
What is it called when two well-adapted phenotypes, but are in different environments?
What is a heterozygote advantage over homozygous individual?
What is it called when individuals have a fitness advantage over other individuals based on a particular gene locus?
What are animal behavior?
What are interactions with food, resources, mates, and other members of species group examples of?
How do we know there is speciation vs just variation within species?
If two organisms from the same species can not sexually reproduce, ____ has occurred.
If two populations of the same species meet and can produce offspring but are less fit than either of the "purebred" types, then natural selection will favor _____ ______.
If two populations of the same species can produce viable offspring, but their offspring are ___ __ then either of the "purebred" types, then natural selection will favor further reproductive isolation. (speciation will likely happen in the future)
What led Darwin's finches to speciation?
Competition led Darwin's finches to _____.
Why is the richness of endemic species typical for island chains?
Since islands are isolated, the richness of ______ species is typical.
Geographic speciation is also called _____ speciation.
_____ speciation is also called allopatric speciation.
What is allopatric speciation or geographic speciation?
What is it called (two names) when species occur in separate, nonoverlapping geographic areas?
What are hybrid zones in species?
Where two different types of species can interbreed in a particular area where they overlap, what is this called? (still one species)
What is sympatric speciation?
What is it called genetic divergence occurs among groups of individuals living in the same place?
Although continuously debated, speciation may occur _____, or in ____.
Although continuously ____, speciation may occur in gradually, or in bursts.
What are the three patterns of evolution?
Divergent, convergent, and parallel are three different ____ of ____.
What is divergent evolution?
What is it called when ancestral species evolve into different species that occupy different niches (food habitats) or habitats?
What is an example of divergent evolution?
Adaptive radiation (Darwin's Finches) is an example of ____ _____.
What is convergent evolution?
What is it called when acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages?
What is an example of convergent evolution?
Wings is a good example of ____ evolution such as birds and bats.
What is parallel evolution?
What is it called when there is evolution of similar niches following isolation?
What is an example of parallel evolution?
Adaptive radiation of Australian marsupials closely mimicked radiation of placental mammals on other continents is an example of what evolution?
What is endemism?
What is it called when there is "the founder effect" where entire populations have the genetic make-up of the founding couple and the species is found no where else?
With endemism, evolution can act ____.
With ____, evolution can act rapidly.
Isolation promotes _____.
____ promotes endemism.
What causes isolation?
Geography and/or dispersal ability of the organism are two reasons ____ can happen.
What are reasons for isolation on a large scale?
Continental drift and evolution are reasons for ____ on a large scale.
What are the three fundamentals of evolutionary ecology?
Individuals within a species are not identical, some variation among individuals is heritable, and most individuals die before reproduction are the fundamentals of _____ ____.
Rapid adaptive evolution can happen on a _____ scale.
____ adaptive evolution can happen on a continental scale.
What are clines?
What are gradual changes in a characteristic over a geograhic region?
What are ecotypes?
What are population with adaptation to unique environments?
What is an example of a trade-off?
(a compromise between two activities) is called what? examples are foraging vs. hiding from predators
What are costs and benefits of species' behaviors?
Costs
-energy consumed
-probability of injury
-risk to predation
benefits
-survival rate
-reproductive success
-feeding efficiency
-mating success
are costs and benefits for what?
What are the Garibaldi fish an example of in ecology?
The ___ fish are an example of territorial defense (both intraspecific and interspecific)
Optimal size is when _____-____ = greatest
____ ___ is when benefits-costs =greatest
What is a specialist vs a generalist?
Focus on one/few resources as compared to species that expand diet to include many types of resource. What are both of these?
What is the goals of optimal foraging behavior?
The goal of ___ ____ ____ is for the net intake of energy from a resource consumed > than the energy expended finding and handling that resource.
Specialists have long handling times, relative to ___ times and Generalists have ___ handling times, relative to search times.
Specialists have ____ handling times, relative to search times and Generalists have short handling times, relative to ____ times.
What are some advantages to being a specialist?
These are advantages of being a ____:
1 avoid interspecific competition
2 allows evolution to overcome chemical defense
3 allows evolution of cryptic coloration that matches prey
4 increases chance of mate encounter
What are some advantages of being a generalist?
These are advantages of being a ____:
1 flexibility in face of environmental uncertainty
2 broad diet needed to get all necessary nutrients and vitamins
3 avoid overdosing on any one toxin
What are some potential benefits of group living?
These are potential benefits of ___ ___:
-increased foraging efficiency
-reduced predation
-increased access to mates
-help from kin (indirect evolutionary success
What are some potential costs of group living?
These are some potential costs of ___ ____:
-intraspecific competition for food
-increased risk of disease, parasites, and attraction of predators
-loss of paternity, brood parasitism
-loss of individual reproduction
what is an example of vestigial genetic variation?
Many of our ear muscles are _____ meaning they are no longer functional.
What is a population?
What is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms occupying a defined areas during a specific time?
Why is a population a unit of interest to us?
Human interests and management actions often occur at population-level scales and that is why populations are so ___ to us.
Population abundances and distributions can be estimated with what three methods?
Area-based counts, mark-recapture methods, and niche modeling are ways to estimate _____ _____ and ______.
What are some methods used to estimate the actual or absolute population size?
Census (although it is rare, almost always a subsample), subsampling (fish seines, weirs and other nets, plankton tows, transects, quadrats, swath), benthic sampling design are methods for what?
What is PISCO (Partnership fr Interdisciplinary Studies of Coatal Oceans)?
What is the program called the monitors fish and benthic annual subtidal monitoring?
What are some examples of subsampling?
Public questionnaires, roadside counts, citizen science are all examples of ______.
What are some proxies for abundance that are used?
Vocalization frequencies, Traps, Fecal pellet counts, Artifact counts are all examples of proxies for ____.
Mark-recapture methods are used for ____ organisms where individuals are captured and marked then released then recaptured again at a later date.
________ methods are used for mobile organisms where individuals are captured and marked then released then recaptured again at a later date.
What are different ways to do a mark and recapture?
Banding, marking, satellite tags, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, use of photo ID (white sharks and bottlenose dolphins) are all good ways to do a ____ and _____.
The dispersion of individuals within a population depends on what 3 things?
The location of essential resources, dispersal, and behavioral interactions are dependent factors for what?
What is dispersion?
____ is the spatial arrangement of individuals within a population.
What are three ways to describe the dispersion of individuals within a population?
Nearly regular or uniform, random, and clumped are three ways to describe ____ of individuals within a population.
What makes dispersion patterns?
Habitat suitability, distribution of resources, disturbance patterns, dispersal patterns, and interactions are what makes ____ patterns.
Why do we use habitat suitability models and what factors are measured?
We use ____ ____ models to understand how specific factors affect species abundance. Factors measured: topography, depth, temp., nutrients, substrate, and exposure (waves, currents, wind)
What are good and poor habitats defined by?
Resource levels define ___ and ____ habitats.
What are possible distrubances besides fire, that could limit populatins?
Drought, monsoons and flooding, windstorms, insect outbreaks, deforestation, dredging, and introduced species are all possible _____ that could limit ____.
Population density often influences rate of ____.
Population density often ____ rate of dispersal.
What does dispersal mean? (simplified answer)
The way individuals spread away from each other is called ____.
Define migration
What is mass directional movement from one location to another?
Population can change in size as a result of four processes:
Birth, death, immigration, and emigration are four processes that can change the ___ of a _____.
Whatis demography?
What is the statistical study of population dynamics?
What are some population dynamics?
Abundance, age or stage of population memeber, sex ratio, birth and death rates, population growth rate and ecological fitness are all population ____.
What are the two types of growth?
Geometric or exponential and logistic are two kinds of ____.
What is geometric growth?
What is it called when a population reproduces in synchrony at regular time intervals and growth rate remains the same? (sometimes also called exponential growth)
Population size can be determined by density-____ and density-______ factors.
_____ ____ can be determined by density-dependent and density-independent facotrs.
What are some density-independent factors?
Weather conditions, food quality, and random distrubances are examples of density-_____ factors.
What are density-dependent factors?
Density-______ factors cause birth rates, death rates, and dispersal rates to change as the density of the pop. changes and lead to pop. regulation.
What are some Density-dependent factors?
Food or water shortages, space, disease, and competition for resources are all density-____ factors.
What is logistic growth?
____ growth incorporates limits to growth and shows how a pop. may stabillize at a maximum size, and carrying capacity.
Births = deaths in species at ____ _____.
At carrying capacity, ___= ___.
What are life tables?
___ ___ show how survival and reproductive rates vary with age, size, or life cycle stage.
What is a cohort life table?
What follows the fate of a group of individuals all born at the same time? (type of table)
What is a static life table?
What can be used if survival and reproduction of individuals of different ages during a single time period are recorded? (table)
What are survivorship curves?
What are detailed patterns of cohort decline?
what is an age structure?
What is something that a population can be characterized by and is the proportion of the pop. in each age class?
To predict pop. size for the following year, two things must be calculated:
These two calculated numbers, number of individuals that will survive to the next time period, and number of newborns those survivors will produce in the next time period, are used to predict _____ ____.
If growth rate does not change, the pop. reaches a ___ ___ distribution.
If ___ ___ does not change, the pop. reaches a stable age distribution.
Why do ecologists and managers try to identify age-specific birth and death rates that most strongly influence the pop. growth rate?
What can ecologists use to develop management practices that decrease pest pop. or increase an endangered pop.?
Populations exhibit a wide range of growth patterns such as:
Exponential growth, logistic growth, fluctuations, and regular cycles and all different types of ____ patterns and are not mutually exclusive.
what causes population numbers to rise and fall (fig. 6.5)?
Reproduction, death, immigration and emigration cause population numbers to ____ and ____.
What agents affect a population's reproduction, death, immigration and emigration?
Extrinsic agents like predation, nutrients, disease, parasites, weather, and landscapes; and intrinsic agents like social, physiological, and genetic affect what four things ultimately causing a pop. to rise and fall?
Why do pop. fluctuate?
Environmental stochasticity (unpredictable changes in the environment), demographic stochasticity (chance events in pop. dynamics), and natural catastrophes are reasons why pop. ____.
What would limit human population growth?
Disease and resources like land, freshwater and food would limit ____ pop. growth.
What are the two extremes of population stability?
high births and death, and low births and deaths are two extremes of _____ _____.
What does symbiosis mean?
What is a scientific term of "living together" or something that is intimate and durable (two species interaction)?
What is commensalism?
When a guest benefits and the host is unharmed what is this called?
What does phoresy mean?
What is it called when one organism ( a host) transports another one without being affected?
What does inquilinism?
What is part of commensalism, but is just the idea that an organism is living within a host but doing no harm?
What does mutualism mean?
What is a species interaction that is a reciprocal benefit, where both individual partners are improved? (darwinian fitness of both)
What is parasitism?
What is a type of species interaction where the guest benefits and the host is harmed? (consumer relationship or trophic relationship or exploitative)
Who is Philip Genry Goss?
Who was a victorian naturalist from 1810-1888 that spoke about parasites at an early date?
What are the top four types of parasites?
Trees, mammals, butterflies/moths, and birds are the top 4 types of ___.
Parasites make up how much of our biodiversity?
____ make up greater than or equal to 50% of biodiversity.
What is an example of inquilism?
The pearl fish living in the sea cucumber is an example of what?
What are some effects of parasites?
Some effects of ____:
-consume energy from you
-effects on growth
-effect reproduction
-effect castration
-survivorship (must kill host to complete life cycle)
What is an example of how a parasite effected a host species reproduction?
The lady bug and mites is a classic example of how a ___ effects a ___ species. (the more mites a ladybug has the less likely it is to reproduce)
How many people are infected with malaria?
500 million people are infected by ____.
What is epidemiology?
What is the study of the distribution and patterns of disease?
What is an SIR model stand for?
What is the susceptible infected recovered model?
What is herd immunity?
What is a type of community protection from disease that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of the pop. provides protection to unvaccinated individuals by making it less likely that any infected individual will contact a susceptible individual and thus pass on the disease?
What are 5 negative species interactions?
predation, herbivory, competition, infection, and parasitism are 5 _____ _____ interactions.
What are two positive species interactions?
Mutualism and commensalism are two ____ ____ interactions.
What is the outcome of a typical consumer-resource interaction?
The consumer benefits and the resources don't is a typical ____-____ interaction.
What is the process of a consumer?
This is the ____ of a consumer:
-consume -metabolize -excrete some contents -reassemble the remainder into their own bodies
What do decomposers feed on?
____ feed on dead plants and animals.
What do predators eat?
____ feed on prey organisms.
Grazers consume ___ of ____ organisms.
____ consume parts of prey organisms.
Define consumer:
What is any organism that takes in all or part of another living organism, thereby benefiting itself, but reducing the survival, fecundity, or growth of the prey.
What is the doomed surplus concept?
That is the concept that there is differential predation on individuals such as predators taht tend to focus on the more vulnerable members os a prey species?
What type of foraging strategy does the doomed surplus concept represent?
The optimal foraging strategy is correlated with what concept?
What are some adaptations to escape predation?
having a large size, fast breeding, hibernating, hard shells and other morphological features, and inducible defenses are examples of some adaptations to _____ _____.
How can consumption be beneficial?
For example, in a canapy if the older canopy leaves are removed, and increases photosynthesis for the younger leaves, what is this an exammple of?
Following herbivory, plants often:
Following ____, plants often:
-Utilize stored reserves
-alter the distribution of newly synthesized material
What is the costs to defense?
There is a trade off between producing defensive structures or substances, or growing and reproducing. These are ___ to defense.
What are secondary plant substances?
What are chemical flavor or spices, terpenoids, and alkaloids all considered?
What are some constitutive plant defenses?
____ defense: cell walls, waxy cuticles, bark, thorns (always present)
What are some inducible defenses?
_____ defense: density of thorn changes in the presence of herbivore (they are activated when needed)
If herbivory is variable, it may be less costly to have _____ defenses vs ____ defenses.
If herbivory is _____, it may be less costly to have inducible defenses vs constitutive defenses.
What is co-evolution?
Whare is it called when some herbivores evolve to produce enzymes to detoxify or behavior to avoid toxins or defense structures?
What is Shelford's Law of Tolerance?
What is the full set of conditions and resources organisms need to survive and reproduce?
What does the ecological niche describe?
The _____ ____ describes how an organism or pop. responds to the distribution of conditions, resources, and competitors.
What is a habitat?
What is a physical place, at a particular spatial and temporal scale, where an organism actually or potentially lives?
What is a species environment?
What is the biotic and abiotic phenomena surrounds and potentially interacting with an organism?
What is a niche?
What is a subset of those environmental conditions affecting a particular organism?
What is a fundamental niche?
What is the full range of environmental and conditions and resources under which an organism can exist?
What is a realized niche?
What is it called when species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than the true fundamental nich as a result of pressure from and interaction with other organisms?
What is nich partitioning?
What is it called when species living in the same area have different feeding zones but could potentially all compete for the same food?
What mostly describes a species niche?
Conditions and resources mostly describes a species' ____.
What are some conditions that describe a species' niche?
-temp. -humidity -wind speed and water flow -pH -salinity -pollinators/mates -sunligh/food -space are all ____ that describe a species' niche.
What are some resources that describe a species' niche?
-solar radiation -carbon dioxide -water -nutrients and minerals are all ____ that describe a species' niche.
When does competition occur?
____ occurs when individuals have similar requirements and resources or conditions are limiting.
Which model of population growth displays intraspecific competition?
The logistic growth curve displays ____ competition.
What is density dependence?
What is it called when pop. growth is curtailed by resource limitation?
Competing individuals that fail to find and acquire necessary resources generally exhibit:
_____ individuals that fail to find and acquire necessary resources generally exhibit:
-less than maximal individual growth rates
-decreased reproductive output
-decreased probability of survival
-increased propensity to move
The ____ of competition is related to the density of pop.
The intensity of competition is related to the ___ of pop.
What does exploitation mean?
Also known as scramble competition, what is equal partitioning of resrouces?
What is interference?
Also known as contest competition, what is it called when the successful competitors get all they require and the unsuccessful ones get opposite?
What are the two main factors species compete for?
The tw main factors species ____ for are resources and space.
Opportunists vs competitors growth rates
_____ have high growth rates and ____ have lower rates of pop. growth
What is the main concept of Grime's CSR plant strategies?
Life-history tradeoffs in plants is the main concept of Grime's ___ plant strategies.
What are the three sides to Grimes CSR plant strategies triangle?
Importance of disturbance, competition, and stress are the three sides to ____ CSR plant _____ triangle.
For mutualism what are some examples of co-evolution?
-ants with "honeydew" insects, fungus or acacia trees
- crab with coral and coral itself
-clownifhis with anemone
insects and flowering plants
These are all examples within mutualism called _____.
Mutualism ____ arise from a host-parasite interaction.
____ can arise from a host-parasite interaction.
Some positive interactions are highly species-species specific and ____ (not optional for either species) or ____ (optional)
Some ____ interactions are highly species-species specific and obligate (not optional for either species) or facultative (_____)
What is an example of a mutualistic relationship with coral?
Coral and symbiotic algae form a ____ relationship where the coral provides the algae with a home, nutrients and access to sunlight, in return the algae privides the coral with carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
What is a foundation species?
What is a species that provides habitat and protection from exposure such as wind, waves and currents?
What are examples of foundation species?
Coral, kelp, trees (such as mangroves) are all examples of _____ species.
Facilitation vs competition varies based on _____ of the environment.
_____ vs competition varies based on harshness of the environment.
What are nurse plants?
What are plants that shade creating cooler, moister conditions, and maybe more nutriends for other plants?
Mutualisms may evolve mechanisms to prevent ___-_____ or _____.
____ may evolve mechanisms to prevent over-exploitation or cheaters.
A particular interaction might not always remain ____ - it may turn into a competitive relationship.
A particular interaction might not always remain mutualistic- it may turn into a ____ relationship.
____ interactions affect the distributions and abundances of organisms as well as the composition of ecological communities.
Positive interactions affect the _____ and _____ of organisms as well as the composition of ecological communities.
What can positive interaction influence?
Demographic factors, distribution, and interactions can be influenced by ____ interaction.
What is population regulation?
What is it called when there is population maintenance within a constrained zone of abundance?
What are the two principles of population regulation (from krebs)?
These are two principles of what?
-no closed pop. stops increasing unless either birth rate or death rate changes with density
-differences between two pop. in equilibrium density can be caused by variation in either density-dependent or density-independent rates of birth and death
What doesit mean if there is a faster death rate with increasing density?
If there is a faster ____ rate with increasing density, that means equilibrium density is smaller.
What is the difference between limiting factors and regulating factors?
___ factors produce change in average or equilibrium density while ____ factors increase percent mortality as population increases.
Explain how disease may be limiting or regulating?
A disease may be ____ if abundance goes down when it is present, or ____ if % mortality from disease increases as density increases.
What are some intrinsic factors of a population?
Sex, age, physiology, behavior, genetics, territoriality, dispersal, and reproduction are some ___ factors of a population.
What are some extrinsic factors of a population?
Predators, food supply, diseases, parasites, weather, and shelter are some _____ factors of a population.
Population regulation are determine by two things:
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors and habitat variation across space are two things that regulate _____.
What are habitat patches?
What are areas of habitat that contain the necessary resources and conditions for a population to persist?
What is a collection of connected populations?
What is a metapopulation?
What are two important key concepts to remember about the individual populations within a metapopulation?
Within a _____, individual populations may go locally extinct or may be recolonized.
What are some examples of habitat patches?
Islands with sea surrounding, kelp beds with sandy bottom surrounding, mountain tops with valleys surrounding, ponds with land surrounding and trees with grass surrounding are all examples of ____ ____.
A collection of patches may be stable when ____ patches are not which means that the dynamics are not synchronized.
A collection of patches may be ____ when individual patches are not, meaning that the dynamics are not synchronized.
What are some assumptions about metapopulations?
These are assumptions about _____:
1. there is an infinite # of identical habitat patches
2. all patches have an equal chance of receiving colonists.
3. all patches have an equal chance of extinction.
What is a source?
What is an area with a net surplus of individuals, from which migration occurs?
What is a sink?
What is a net deficit in the growth rate that receives immigrants?
What is an example of a species that has metapopulations?
The American Pika is an example of a species that has ______.
What are deterministic models?
What are models that are solely determined by initial conditions?
What are stochastic models?
What are models that include random elements and chance?
What is dispersal limitation?
What can prevent species from reaching areas of suitable habitat? (what's this called)
The distribution of patchily distributed individuals can be thought of as being determined by the properties of two features:
-habitat patch size and -habitat patch isolation are two properties that determine the _____ of patchily distributed individuals.
What is Habitat fragmentation?
what is it called when metapopulations are broken up?
What is one way to help solve habitat fragmentation?
What are landscape corridors such as wildlife overpasses a solution for?
What is the allee effect?
What is the inverse of density dependence or the effects of under-crowding?
Population cycles often seem to be caused by three-way feeding relationships:
____ _____ often seem to be caused by three-way feeing relationships: predators, prey, and the prey's food supply.
What did the Hudson's Bay company do?
The ___ ____ company provided 200 yrs of data, showing the fluctuations of lynx and hare populations.
Who wrote "periodic fluctuatuions in the number of animals: their causes and effects"?
What was Charles Elton's paper of 1924 called?
What is one way that ecologists have studied predator-prey population dynamics?
Modeling is one way ecologists have studied ___-___ population dynamics.
What model is this?
dN/dt = rN- aNP
Write the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model
What are some drawbacks to Lotka-volterra model?
Lotaka-volterra model has a few unrealistic assumptions such as prey populations are not just limited by predators but also food resources and no predator can consume infinite quantities of prey.
Good models should be ____ mathematically, but with enough _____ to characterize nature.
Good models should be simplistic _______, but with enough complexity to _____ nature.
What is scramble, resource, or exploitation?
what is a mechanism of competition where each individual reduces the amount of resources available for another?
What is contest or interference?
What is a mechanism of competition where organisms controll access to a resource through behavioral interactions?
What are some examples of contest or interference?
-chemical: one organism produces chemicals that negatively affect another
-overgrowth: one sessile organism spreads laterall and grows over another
-Territoriality: defense of space
-Fighting: behavioral interactions
What type of mechanisms of competition are these?
What is Pre-emptive competition?
What is a mechanisms of competition where individuals use up a resource before other individuals have the opportunity to do so?
In many cases the effects of competition are _____ and one species is harmed more than the other.
In many cases the effects of _____ are unequal (or asymmetrical) and one species is harmed more than the other.
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
What principle says when two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist?
If two competing species coexist in a stable environment, they do so as a result of ___ _______.
If two competing species coexist in a ____ environment, they do so as a result of niche differentiation.
Species are often excluded from locations where they could exist in the absense of _____ competition.
Species are often ____ from locations where they could exist in the absense of interspecific competition.
Many species can coexist in a set of patches, as long as they trade off _____ and _____.
Many species can coexist in a set of ____, as long as they trade off competition and colonization.
What model says many species can coexist in a set of patches, as long as they trade off competition and colonization?
What is Tilman's Spatial Competition Model?
What is a negative aspect of Tilman's spatial competition model?
A negative aspect about Tilman's ____ _____ model is that it is oversimplified.
What is a rescue effect?
When more patches in a system are occupied because there is greater immigration and reduces the chance of local extinction, this is called what?
The environment is ____ stable, and competition ____ runs its course.
The environment is rarely ____, and competition rarely runs its course.
How do communities change over time?
Fluctuations, catastrophic events, and succession are how ____ change over time.
Agents of change act on communities across multiple ____ and ____ scales.
Agents of ____ act on communities across multiple temporal and spatial scales.
Define disturbance
What is an (abiotic) event that injures or kills some individuals and creates opportunities for other individuals?
Define stress (ecology)
What is an abiotic factor that reduces the growth or reproduction of individuals?
What are some biotic agents of change in communities?
Some ___ agents of change in communities include evolution, invasive species, and ecosystem engineers.
What are ecosystem engineers?
What are organisms that make or modify habitat (beavers, fiddler crabs, caterpillars)?
What are three different succession models?
A facilitation model, an inhibition model, and a tolerance model are three types of _____ models.
What is a failitation model in succession?
What succession model is where early species modify the environment in ways that benefit later species?
What is a inhibition model in succession?
What succession model is where early species modify conditions in negative ways that hinder later successional species?
What is a tolerance model in succession?
What is a succession model that assumes the earliest species modify the enironment, but in netural ways that neither benefit nor inhibit later species?
In first succession, the early settlers, opportunistic or called "pioneers" have ____ dispersal, ____ growth, and are ____ competitors.
In ____ succession, the organisms have high dispersal, rapid growth, and are poor competitors.
In middle or mid-succession, the organisms have ____ dispersal, ___ growth, and are ____ competitors.
In _____ succession, the organisms have poor dispersal, slower growth, and are good competitors.
In the end of succession, or climax community, the organisms have ____ dispersal, ____ ____ growth, and are ____ competitors.
In a ____ _____ the organisms have meager dispersal, awfully slow growth, and are great competitors.
The persistence of pioneer species depends on ____ to other disturbed areas.
The persistence of ___ species depends on dispersal to other distrubed areas.
In a climax community, there is so much variation in what 4 things?
In a climax community there is much variation in climate, soil, topography, and animals.
Name two different life history strategies of the desert and give an example of each.
What are these life history strategies for?
- Tolerators (large and sluggish) that minimize water loss
-Avoiders (small and quick) are opportunists that follow rain and quickly complete life cycle