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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order of systems in a water treatment plant |
- screens - cougulation/flocculation - sedimentation - filtration - disinfection
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Order of systems in a waste-water treatment plant |
- screens/bar racks - primary settling - biological treatment processes - secondary settling - advanced treatment process - disinfection |
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Name the Water sources |
- surface water - groundwater - Other : seawater: desalination reuse of treated waste water brackish groundwater |
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Describe Surface water, discuss advantages and disadvantages |
All water open to atmosphere and subject to surface run off (i.e. lakes, rivers, reservoirs) - Advantage : readily accessible - Disadvantage: easily contaminated due to exposure |
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Discuss ground water sources |
- all water beneath the land surface - Quality is better than surface water (less treatment, more cash) |
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Name sources of municipal waste water |
- waste water form residential areas, commercial centers, and institutions. - waste water form certain small industries - ground water infiltration - pre- treated industrial waste water |
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Describe the categories of water use |
- Water supply: *municipal *Agricultural *Industrial - Recreational : swimming - Fisheries : commercial , sports - Ecological Balance |
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Name the Factors that influence source water quality. |
- Natural Factors: climate, watershed charactr., local geology, microbiological growth and nutrients, fire, saltwater intrusion, Density(thermal) stratification. -Human factors: point-pollution sources and non-point pollution sources
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How does climate affect the water quality? |
WET - high rate of run off or flood conditions - Re-suspension of sediments DRY - increase the likelihood of : - algal growth - microbiological activity - impact of point pollution source |
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How do watershed characteristics affect the water quality? |
- topography - vegetation cover - wildlife |
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How does local geology affect the water quality? |
sub-surface geology affects both, surface and groundwater quality. - hardens (calcium, magnesium) - arsenic (As) |
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Name the three stages of the natural life cycle of a water body |
- oligotrophic - mesotrophic - eutrophic |
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Describe the oligotrophic stage |
- low nutrients - minimal microbiological activity - water is clear |
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Describe the mesotrophic stage |
- Moderate Nutrients - Moderate Microbiological activityeD |
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Describe the eutrophic stage |
- high nutrients - high microbiological activity - presence of algae (most common) - most common algae : ~blue~~green ~cynatoxin~~cyanobacteria |
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what does water quality associated with eutrophication include? |
- Depleted oxygen levels - high turbidity - colour - formation of trihalomethane precursors
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How does Fire affect the water quality? |
- eliminates plant's functions as a natural filter - change runoff flow rate - increase likelihood of erosion - colour, taste , odour from ash and burnt wood |
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How does saltwater intrusion affect the water quality? |
- increases salinity in surface and G.W. - Usually occurs in coastal regions |
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How does Density stratification affect the water quality? |
- Stratification in lakes/reservoirs occurs due to change in temperature. - three layers form : epilmnion, thermocline/metalimnion, hypolimnion; that could significantly affect water quality |
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Describe the Epilmnion layer |
high concentration of dissolved oxygen, well mixed chemical species in oxidized form. |
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Describe the thermocline/metalmnion layer |
A transition layer |
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Describe the Hypolimnion layer |
- cool, - poorly mixed - anaerobic species in reduced form |
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Describe point-pollution sources |
sources of contamination that have a defined point of discharge. i.e. - municipal wwtp effluents - industrial discharge form pulp and paper mills, petroleum refineries, power plants. |
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Describe Non-point pollution sources |
involve large and diffused forms of contamination . i.e. - agricultural - urban runoff - atmospheric deposition |
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which form of human pollution is harder to control and why? |
non-point pollution, since it is over a large area and it doesn't have a particular place for deposition |
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name the physical characteristics of water and waste water |
- solids content - turbidity - taste and odor - colour - temperature |
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name the inorganic chemical characteristics of water and waste water |
- PH - alkalinity - acidity - nutrients - toxic metals |
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Describe solids |
- consist of inorganic(clay,silt) and organic(plants) particles - classified by particle size and chemical characteristics - divided in three categories: - total solids(TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and Total Dissovled Solids (TDS)
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Define Total solids |
- The residue after evaporation at 103 to 105 'C - Divides into : - volatile solids (VS): solids consumed at 550'C, mostly organic compunds - Non-volatile(fixed) solids(FS): remains (ash) after combustion at 550'C, mostly minerals |
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Define TSS |
The fraction of solids retained on the filter paper |
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Define TDS |
The fraction of solids passing through the filter paper |
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what is the unit for concentration of solids in water/wastewater ? |
mg/L |
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Define turbidity |
- is a measure of light that is either absorbed or scattered by particles in water - is measured by comparison with a standard - ontario's standard ( < 1.0) |
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Describe taste and odor |
- due to decaying vegetation, iron, manganese. - affects aesthetic quality of water - water should not have taste nor odor after treatment |
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Describe Color |
- caused by dissolved organic and inorganic material - aesthetic concern of quality - Reported as color unit (CU) - Ontario's standard (< 15CU) |
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Describe temperature |
- affects chemical and biological reaction rates, ecology of a water body and solubility of oxygen - tap water main Tavg: 10'C waste water Tavg: 15'C
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Describe PH |
- A measure of hydrogen ion(H+) concentration in a solution(water) - PH =7; means hydrogen concentration is 10 ^ (-7) moles/litre - Natural water ranges from 6-9
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Describe Alkalinity |
- Ability of solution (water) to neutralize acid - Alkalinity of Natural water is provided by carbonate/bicarbonate buffering systems
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Define Buffering capacity of solution |
Ability to accept large doses of acid without lowering the PH too much. it depends on Alkalinity level |
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Describe Acidity |
- Ability of solution(water) to neutralize a base. - important to control corrosion |
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Name the major nutrients and explain why are they considered nutrients |
- Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) - Consider nutrients due to their importance in the growth of plants |
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List the forms of Nitrogen in water |
- Organic Nitrogen - Ammonia (NH3) - Nitrite (NO2) - Nitrate (NO3) |
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Difference between total Nitrogen(TN) and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN) |
TN = Organic N + NH3 + NO2 + NO3
TKN = Organic N + NH3 |
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Compare Nitrite(NO2) and nitrate (NO3) |
NO2 : - Toxic to most fish - maximum acceptable concentration 1 mg/l as N NO3: - Toxic to infants at high concentration - MAC = 10 mg/l as N |
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Name the forms of phosphorus in water |
- Organic phosphorus
- Inorganic Phosphorus : - Orthophosphate - Polyphosphate
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List the major sources of Nutrients |
- Municipal Waste water - Agricultural Runoff (fertilizers) - Industrial effluents |
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List Toxic metals |
- Arsenic (As) - cadmium (Cd) - chromium(Cr) - Lead (pb) - Mercury (Hg) - Silver (Ag) - Zink (Zn) |
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Describe toxic metals and its sources |
- Harmful to humans and aquatic life at low concentration - listed as priority pollutant - sources include : mining, metal plating/coating, lead paints, batteries, lechate of eDlandfills |
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Describe Dissolved Oxygen |
- important measurement of water quality - solubility of oxygen is affected by factors like: Temperature Purity of water |
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name the organic chemical characteristics of water |
- sources of organic compound - priority pollutants - emerging organic pollutants - measurement of organic content |
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Sources of organic compound |
Natural: plant and animal degradation products such as decaying weeds, leaves, dead animals Synthetic: more than 100'000.(e.g. pesticides, plasticizers, solvents ) |
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Priority pollutants |
- Established in 1976 - list of most of the common chemicals in industrial discharge that have known or suspected adverse human health and/or environmental effect. |
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Emerging Organic Pollutants |
- pharmaceutically active compounds - Endocrine disruptive compounds (steroids) - personnel care products(shampoo) |
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Measurement of Organic content |
Theoretical Oxygen Demand(ThDO): calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compuend to its final oxidation products. only If the chemical formula of organic matter is known, then ThOD can be calculated using stoichiometry. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): the amount of oxygen require for an organic matter to undergo biological decomposition. -run for 5 days at 20'C and standard 300 ml bottles are used total organic carbon (TOC): - a measure of organic carbon content in a water sample - takes few minutes to determine the organic content Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):- a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter of oxidization by a strong chemical oxidant |
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Nitrification and nitrogenous BOD (NBOD) |
- Nitrification: The biological oxidation of ammonia(NH3) with oxygen into nitrite(NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) by nitrate forming bacteria - NBOD: the amount of oxygen required to oxidize ammonia to nitrate(NO3-) |
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Biological Characteristics of Water |
-The 5 division of microorganism Kingdom -Pathogenic Organisms -Indicator Organisms |
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List the 5 divisions of microorganism kingdom |
- Animals - Plants - Fungi - Protista - Bacteria |
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List the Pathogenic Organisms |
- Bacteria - Viruses - Protozoa - Helminthes (Worms) |
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List the use of Indicator Organisms |
- Used to measure microbiological quality of water - It provides recent fecal contamination and level - Most common used indicator is Coliform Bacteria: Many types of bacteria. abundant in humans and animals organism. could be non-fecal and fecal. Analyze for coliform , if positive then E.Coli(escheriochiacoli) content should be analyzed as well.
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DO(dissolved oxygen) Model |
used to predict profile of DO concentration downstream from a waste water discharge - oxygen deficit (D) = DOs - DO - DOs: saturation DO at given temp. - DO: Actual DO content in a river at time t |
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Types of water and wastewater treatment processes |
- Physical - Chemical - Biological |
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Define the Physical Treatment Process |
* Sedimentation * Types of settling
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Define Type 1 Settlement |
- Low concentration of particles and each particle settles discretely - settling velocity can be calculated |
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Define Type 2 Settlement (Flocculant Settling) |
- Particles that focculate during sedimentation - as flocculation occurs, particle size changes and settling velocity changes - performance evaluation needs: - Samples - settling column test |
