Environmental

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Provisioning services

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Supply of goods or direct benefit to people in often with a clear monetary value.

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Regulating services

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range of functions carried out by ecosystems which are often of great value but generally not given a monetary value in conventional markets

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Culture services

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Contributing to wider needs and desires of society

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Supporting services

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Essential to the functioning of ecosystems and therefore indirectly responsible for all other services

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Speciation

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The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

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Extinction

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Extinction occurs when species are diminished because of environmental forces. (Habitat fragmentation, global change, natural disaster, over-exploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, declining population)

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Extirpation

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the local Extinction of an organism or species where it / they cease to exist in a particular area but continue to exist elsewhere.

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Environmental specialist

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Use their knowledge of a natural sciences to protect the environment and human health.

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Generalist

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A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources

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Endemic

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Unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country, or other define zone, or habitat type.

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Fundamental niche

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The entire set of conditions under which an animal population species can survive and reproduce itself

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Realized niche

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The set of conditions actually used by given animal after interactions with other species predation and especially competition have been taken into account.

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Character displacement

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Evolutionary divergence that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same environment.

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Resource partitioning

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When a species divide a niche to avoid competition for resources.

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Intraspecific competition

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members of the same species compete for limited resources.

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Interspecific competition

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A form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem.

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Keystone species

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A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions.

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Allopatric Speciation

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Two populations of the same species become isolated from each other due to geographic changes.

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Sympatric Speciation

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Evolution of a new species from the surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

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Founder effect

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A small group of individuals become isolated from a larger population. makes interbreeding and possible because of the new populations become genetically distinct over time

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Genetic drift

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Chance events cause changes in frequencies of alleles in a population.

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Artificial selection

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Intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits.

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Natural selection

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Differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Mutation

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A change that occurs in our DNA sequence.

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Bottleneck effect

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happens when the size of a population is dramatically reduced in some random event like a natural disaster the surviving members of the population didn't do anything special to survive. They were just lucky it was just chance.

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Parasitism

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A relationship between species where one organism that a parasite lives on or in another organism the hose causing its some harm.

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Predation

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Biological interaction where one organism the predator kills and eats another organism its prey.

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Primary succession

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One of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil

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Secondary succession

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a process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem to a smaller population of species and as such secondary succession occurs.

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Mutualism

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interaction between individuals of different species that result in positive effects on per capita reproduction and / or survival of the interacting population

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Island biogeography theory

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the theory of island biogeography states that is larger island will have a greater number of species than a smaller island

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Indicator species

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An organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition. Can signal a change in the biological condition of a particular ecosystem

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Coevolution

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The process by which two or more species evolve in tandem by exerting selection pressures on each other.

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Competitive exclusion

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The competitive exclusion principle says that two species can't coexist if they occupy exactly the same niche.

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Species richness

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The number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Account of species and it does not take into account the abundance of the species.

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Species evenness

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Refers to how close in numbers each species in an environment is.