Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how much more do you breathe than eat/drink?
|
6 times more
|
|
|
what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S?
|
lung disease
|
|
|
what is the most common chronic illness in children?
|
asthma
|
|
|
types of air pollutants
|
natural: ash, radioactivity, pollen, smoke; manmade: gaseous; particulate matter - solid or aq; smallest can remain suspended in lungs (can be toxic or vectors for other toxins)
|
|
|
sources of cost of health poln:
|
health, worker productivity, agricult
|
|
|
total cost of air poln:
|
$71 bil from criteria air pollutants
|
|
|
clean air act established 2 broad classes of air pollutants:
|
"criteria" pollutants - threshold, 6 types: PM, SO2, Pb, NO2, O3, CO; omnipresent + not too toxic vs "hazardous air pollutants" - potentially carcinogenic, industry spec, no accept level
|
|
|
main source + type of primary air pollutant
|
transportation; CO
|
|
|
T/F: we have been successful at regulating criteria air pollutants
|
True! growth has been dec
|
|
|
ex of a primary air pollutant --> transforming to secondary
|
NO2 + hydrocarbon + sunlight --> O3 in lower atm (or SO2 --> oxidized to aerosoles)
|
|
|
how much more do you breathe than eat/drink?
|
6 times more
|
|
|
what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S?
|
lung disease
|
|
|
what is the most common chronic illness in children?
|
asthma
|
|
|
types of air pollutants
|
natural: ash, radioactivity, pollen, smoke; manmade: gaseous; particulate matter - solid or aq; smallest can remain suspended in lungs (can be toxic or vectors for other toxins)
|
|
|
sources of cost of health poln:
|
health, worker productivity, agricult
|
|
|
total cost of air poln:
|
$71 bil from criteria air pollutants
|
|
|
clean air act established 2 broad classes of air pollutants:
|
"criteria" pollutants - threshold, 6 types: PM, SO2, Pb, NO2, O3, CO; omnipresent + not too toxic vs "hazardous air pollutants" - potentially carcinogenic, industry spec, no accept level
|
|
|
main source + type of primary air pollutant
|
transportation; CO
|
|
|
T/F: we have been successful at regulating criteria air pollutants
|
True! growth has been dec
|
|
|
ex of a primary air pollutant --> transforming to secondary
|
NO2 + hydrocarbon + sunlight --> O3 in lower atm (or SO2 --> oxidized to aerosoles)
|
|
|
what is an inversion layer?
|
instead of hot air --> cooler air --> cold air, hot air is in mid so traps pollutants/smog
|
|
|
NAAQS criteria level set at ...
|
level for sensitive populations
|
|
|
pulmonary responses to toxicants:
|
1.) local irritation (edema = fluid buildiup, bronchial constriction 2.) bronchitis 3.) necrosis (cell death) result of damage to cells in airway 4.) fibrosis + emphysema, loss of lung elasticity 5.) lung cancer (ozone = promoter? not itself a carcinogenic)
|
|
|
acute vs long-term exposure to ozone
|
acute: irritation, inflamation, asthma; chronic = impaired growth + dev of lung, accel lung aging (oxidation of cellular components), contributes to progression of underlying lung D+
|
|
|
What does NAAQS stand for?
|
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
|
|
|
EPA sets standards for all ____ risks
|
potential, identifiable (not necessary proven)
|
|
|
CO risk esp for people with ___
|
cardiovasc D+ (prevents O2 from binding to Hb)
|
|
|
2 issues central to standard setting
|
a.) adequate margin of safety (precautious) b.) concept of threshold
|
|
|
criteria pollutants and their susceptible sub-pops:
|
SO2: people with inc airway reactivity (asthmatics); CO - heart probs; Pb - kids; PM - elderly + kids; NO2 - kids, O3 - active people
|
|
|
strategies for implementing standards
|
new tech.; modify products; restrict use; bans; disclose risks; economic incentives
|
|
|
how many HAPS are there? examples?
|
188, heavy metals, organics
|
|
|
Air Toxics Sources
|
area sources (neighborhoods); mobile; large industrial complexes point sources (61%)
|
|
|
b/c no threshold, ___ is inappropriate for HAPs so use ____
|
air quality standards; site-specific emissions standards (provide AMPLE margin of safety, not adequate like w/ criteria pollutants)
|
|
|
HAPs Technology-Based Standards
|
standards set according to what's achievable w/ available tech, not based on health (residual risks det after the fact)
|
|
|
why is indoor air polln a concern?
|
75 - 80% time spent indoors, indoor levels can be 2 - 5 times higher than outdoors
|
|
|
air inside building can be pol at result of
|
poor vent, low air-exchange rate w/ outdoors, biogenic pollutants (aeropathogens/allergens), human activity, occupancy, gas-off from synthetic building mats, poor housing conditions
|
|
|
major indoor air pollutants of concern
|
odors, radon, biological pollutants, combustion, volatile chems/chem mixs
|
|
|
biggest source of CO, HCO, and PM from fuel is from ...
|
wood
|
|
|
major source of E and heating in developing world =
|
biofuels (petroleum in developed worlds)
|
|
|
T/F many chems are more present in side smoke than main smoke
|
T: ETS is a major source of toxic + carcinogenic agents that are less completely combusted in SS than MS
|
|
|
ETS stands for
|
environmental tobacco smoke
|
|
|
fetal affects of non-smoking mothers exposed to ETS
|
lower birth weight, defects, congenital malformations, inc risk of SIDS, red lung function in kids
|
|
|
VOCs =
|
volatile organic compounds
|
|
|
exs of biogenic pollutants
|
mites, aeroallergens, aeropathogens
|
|
|
health effects of indoor air pollutants
|
irritation, respiratory symptoms, neurological symptoms, immunological rxns, asthma, cancer
|
|
|
4 results of energy-efficient buildings
|
inc odor, humidity, temp; dec vent
|
|
|
building related illness vs sick building syndrome
|
D+ traceable to spec pollutant vs > 20% occupants have dec symptoms when leave building (inc symptoms w/ inc time in building)
|
|
|
SO2 source differs from NO2 source in that
|
it comes largely from fossil fuel combustion in coal mine
|
|
|
ionizing vs non-ionizing radiation
|
ability to knock e- off (particulates, electromagnetics: x-rays, gamma rays) or not (electromagnetics: UV, microwaves, EMF's)
|
|
|
electromagnetic vs particulate radiation
|
no mass, no charge (ex UV, vis light, x-rays) vs yes (alpha, beta, neutrons)
|
|
|
how do EMFs probs affect bio systems?
|
indirectly by interfering w/ molec interactions (but can't see direct effect on DNA - changes in synthesis/transcription)
|
|
|
criteria to establish causality
|
temporality, dose response, bio plausibility
|
|
|
epigenetic mech
|
things happen to and around gene w/o directly altering DNA sequence (unlike old cancer hypotheses)
|
|
|
melatonin hypothesis
|
|
|
|
sources of ionizing radiation
|
radionuclides (radioactive decay) and machines (e-, x-ray machines - can be turned on + off)
|
|
|
most dangerous type of irradiation inside vs outside body (source)
|
inside source: alpha and beta particles worst; outside: gamma and x-rays
|
|
|
radiation effects
|
deterministic (dose-response based severity, threshold) vs random (risk = function of dose, not severity - ex cancer)
|
|
|
best known carcinogen
|
ionizing radiation (physical agent)
|
|
|
why do we extrapolate out a straight line for cancer dose-response curve?
|
most conservative - predicts highest response for given dose (overprotect pub)
|
|
|
what would graph look like if dose broke 1 strand of DNA vs broke 2 and effect was both strands breaking?
|
linear vs quadratic - second one is prob of 2 indep events
|
|
|
hormesis + ex.
|
protective effects of exposure at very low doses - ex = low levels of mutagenic will excite DNA repair + fix old problems = net benefit
|
|
|
exposure = (eq)
|
intensity * time
|
|
|
how does intensity relate to distance and shielding?
|
I drops with distance via square inverse law; dec as shielding inc (can totally shield vs particulate matter + exponentially vs electromagnteic radiation)
|
|
|
2 potential consequences to cells as result of radiation carcinogenesis
|
cell death or damage --> repair or altered function
|
|
|
most vs least sensitive cells
|
mitotic (no DNA repair) vs s (synthesis) phase
|
|
|
only dif b/w fossil fuel + nuclear power plant
|
material used to heat water to generate steam to turn turbines that generate electricity
|
|
|
fossil fuel plants put more ____ into air than nuc power plants
|
radiation (on a reg basis) but severity of nuc power plant acc is much more
|
|
|
2 factors that drive risk perception
|
threat (vol/invol, severity) and observability
|
|
|
radiation and risk perception:
|
invol expos, unknown conseq, delayed conseq, no benefits, unknown expo
|
|
|
5 kinds of waste
|
Munincipal (residential, small business, schools), Industrial (includes agricultural), Medical, Hazardous, Radioactive
|
|
|
what kind of waste is the most?
|
industrial - 94%
|
|
|
most common source of hazardous waste in household waste
|
from automobiles (then paint)
|
|
|
causes for u.s's exponentially increasing waste produc
|
no econ incentive to reduce, convenience, urbanization
|
|
|
most of waste disposed of via
|
landfills (vs incineration and recycle)
|
|
|
problem with landfills
|
unsanitary - w/o plastic liner + monitoring can leak into groundwater (leachate)
|
|
|
3 reasons new landfills aren't being created
|
public opposition, rising costs, EPA regulations
|
|
|
does MSW degrade in a landfill? why/why not?
|
not readily b/c a.) get rid of leachate b.) compact so no O2 can decompose them c.) "biodegradable" only applies if enough oxygen to degrade them
|
|
|
#1 component of typical sanitary landfill leachate composition
|
BOD5 (amt of oxygen utilized by bacteria to oxidize organic compounds in dark in 5 days at 20 degrees celsius) - reduce in waste water plants
|
|
|
incineration reduces trash vol by
|
80 - 90%
|
|
|
incineration reduces waste to
|
solids (dispose of), gasses, water vapor
|
|
|
incinerators compact trash + ___
|
can gen cheap E for local businesses
|
|
|
3 reasons to recycle
|
resource, energy conservation (50 - 60% less E than make from virgin material) + pollution abatement
|
|
|
2 things better than recycling
|
reducing, reusing
|
|
|
have we inc or dec our recycling? trash?
|
inc recycle, inc trash
|
|
|
munincipal waste management hierarchy: ranked in order of increasing impact on the enviro:
|
reduce, reuse, recycle, incinerate + E, incinerate - E, landfill
|
|
|
characteristics of hazardous waste
|
flammable (fp < 140 faren), toxic, corrosive (super acidic/basic), reactive
|
|
|
RCRA
|
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: regulated what's toxic + where it goes
|
|
|
CERCLA
|
established national priority list for superfund $
|
|
|
what is responsible for most hazardous waste?
|
chemical industry
|
|
|
how much haz waste is wat diluted with haz mats?
|
90%
|
|
|
biggest poten health impact that leads to mat being on NPL
|
affect ground + drinking water
|
|
|
Love Canal Study
|
school built on top of toxic dumping site --> acid burns
|
|
|
problems w/ enviro contam + pub health assess
|
in many cases, residence next to source does not equal exposure
|
|
|
probs with cleaning up old site
|
who pays? "polluter pays" - 30% superfund $ spent fighting them so taxpayer ends up bearing most of burden, how clean is clean enough
|
|
|
modes of transport of haz mats
|
flat-bed trucks, cargo tanks, barges, planes
|
|
|
3 concerns from animal manure (compounds):
|
phosphorous, nitrogen (vectors?), pathogens
|
|
|
# of animal farms vs animals/farm
|
dec, inc
|
|
|
types of polln prod by animals
|
water poln (drinking + streams, coasts), air polln (nitrogen), odor poll (amon)
|
|
|
poten threats to pub health b/c of animals in meat produc factories
|
pathogens, toxicants (known + unknown), antibac resist, heavy metals in waste lagoons, greenhouse gasses
|
|
|
munincipal vs hog farm waste treatment reg
|
hog farms not subject to quality control or enviro control - inspected by officials once every 2 yrs
|
|
|
main obstacles to enviro cleanup:
|
lack of $ (superfund), reluctance to accept respons, incomplete sceince (lack of epi studies)
|
|
|
mortality due to typhoid decreased drastically b/c of __
|
chlorination of water
|
|
|
how much water is fresh and how much is usable by humans?
|
2.5, .3%
|
|
|
how much water do you need for the 4 basic needs and what are they?
|
50 - 100 L: bathing, sanitation, cooking, drinking
|
|
|
water stress vs water scarcity
|
1000 - 1700 m^3 renewable fresh water/person/yr; <1000 (groundwater is NON-RENEWABLE)
|
|
|
population in water scarce/stressed countries is __
|
rising
|
|
|
3 main uses of freshwater (leading one is…)
|
agriculture (70%), industry, domestic (personal, munincipal, household)
|
|
|
majority of freshwater use in U.S is for
|
outdoor use - lawns, cars, etc
|
|
|
sources of water pollutants (leading one is..)
|
agriculture - farming responsible for 70% water polln in U.S!! Industry, munincipalities
|
|
|
CAFO =
|
concentrated animal farming operation
|
|
|
Clean Water Act did 2 things:
|
1.) regulate industries/cities to meet "0 discharge of poln" goal 2.) provide fed assistance to do this
|
|
|
TMDL =
|
total maximum daily load = state set line of how much poln a given body of water can receive/day w/o violating quality standards
|
|
|
Safe Drinking Water Act did what
|
regulates PUBLIC drinking water - to protect pub health (vs enviro like CWA does); lets USEPA set legally enforceable standards
|
|
|
gastrointestinal diseases cause more/less morbid than mortal
|
MORE
|
|
|
every ___ sec a child dies of diarrhea
|
15 sec
|
|
|
____ % gastrointestinal illness could be prev by adeq hygiene + sanit
|
90%
|
|
|
three grousp of microorganisms + 2 factors that relate to them
|
viruses, bac, parasites; size + resistivity
|
|
|
list of 3 groups of microorganisms in size + then resistivity
|
bac > para > vir BUT for resist it's para > vir > bac
|
|
|
steps for water treatment
|
coagulation --> floculation --> sedimentation --> filtration --> disinfection --> distribution
|
|
|
coagulation
|
mixing of water with chems (aluminum sulfate) --> make gelatinous mass w/ suspended particles= floc
|
|
|
floculation
|
stir mix slower --> make bigger particles to trap other sediments + stuff
|
|
|
sedimentation
|
let floc stuff settle to bottom
|
|
|
filtration
|
rapid sand (anthracite) + stuff to filter thru (backwash water --> sewer)
|
|
|
disinfection
|
to a level where can't identify D+ causing pathogens;
|
|
|
types of disinfectants + their pros/cons
|
chlorine (cheap, residual but doesn't get everything like crypto + poten carcinogenic DBP); ozone (good disin + fewer byprod (DBP)'s but no resid + expensive); UV rad (good, no DBPs but no resid, can't work w/ turbid water)
|
|
|
what does Cl react w/ to make DBP?
|
humics = organic compounds (remove these first)
|
|
|
why is residual so important?
|
to keep water disinfec from source --> deliv (bad pipes, leakage, backwash, etc)
|
|
|
what's used to det microbiological qual of drinking water?
|
bacterial indicators - fast, cheap, easy but not best b/c more easily elim than virus or para
|
|
|
bottled water is reg by…
|
FDA - NOT EPA (only reg ground + surface drinking water)
|
|
|
aim of wastewater treatment
|
disinfect to pt where won't cause serious enviro or health probs via waterborne D+
|
|
|
in developing countries ___ % domestic sewage and ___ % industrial waste are dumped into surface water w/o treatment
|
90% domestic, 75% industrial waste
|
|
|
wastewater components of concern (5)
|
pathogens, BOD, Suspended Solids, Nutrients, Toxic Chems
|
|
|
what is BOD and what levels (high/low) are good?
|
biochemical oxygen demand = oxygen demand of bac to ox organic and inorganic mat; high level = poll by bac (uses up all dissolved oxygen and --> dead zones)
|
|
|
3 main levels of wastewater treatment
|
primary (filtration), secondary (oxidation + decomp by bac), tert (physiochem - remove additional compounds)
|
|
|
what happens to sludge separated from wastewater via filtration?
|
gets heated, compacted, sent to landfills
|
|
|
2 main concerns from exposure to Ground zero
|
lymphatic and blood cancers (+ respiratory failure)
|
|
|
exposure assessment elements
|
target, duration, frequency, concentration, location, source/composition
|
|
|
what generated the WTC contaminants?
|
particulate matter, volatile compounds (esp fluids), gasses (freon)
|
|
|
hand in hand w/ Health Exposure Elements is
|
Health Assessment Elements (did expos affect us neg?)
|
|
|
3 phase effort by JHSPH WTC response team
|
exposure assess, respiratory health survey (provide info about acute expos + baseline for long term follow up), health assess (2 yrs post cleanup)
|
|
|
20 mo after leaving site workers were still at inc risk for _____
|
lower resp problems + mental health
|
|
|
T/F inc duration at site inc risk for dev resp probs
|
true! indicates need for better site management
|
|
|
T/F: there is a strong linkage b/w clinical, epi, and exposure comm.s for WTC surveys
|
false! lot of holes in the research
|
|
|
sources of mercury
|
degassing of E's crust, fish, amalgam fillings, combustion of fossil fuels, industrial release
|
|
|
why isn't dental mercury a problem if swallowed?
|
elem Hg can't cross GI tract (slow) - dangerous if inhale b/c can cross blood-brain barrier (lipid sol!) targets lungs + CNS
|
|
|
inorganic merc probs
|
mad hatter syndrome: not lipid sol but can cross GI tract (10%) - expos thru ingestion
|
|
|
organic merc probs
|
easily cross GI, lipid sol (prob for fetuses), high affin for CNS
|
|
|
how does elem Hg end up in us?
|
indust release elem Hg --> complexes to inorg --> bac turn to org --> eaten by phytoplank + big fish
|
|
|
results of adding Hg to lake 658?
|
watershed Hg stayed in plants (would take centuries to flush out); lake Hg rapidly entered food chain --> would take decades to flush out of enviro
|
|
|
Minamata Bay
|
industrial Hg (byproduc of acetylaldehyde produc) dumped x4/day --> bay
|
|
|
symptoms of Hg poisoning
|
claws, cerebral palsy, neuro damage
|
|
|
Iraq
|
seeds laced w/ Hg anti-fungal meant to be planted were eaten in rural villages
|
|
|
mercury level in rain - how does MD stack up?
|
highest among mid-S Atlantic states
|
