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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Natural capital includes what?
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sunlight, air, water, soil
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An environmentally sustainable society does what?
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lives off its natural income of renewable resources; does not degrade its natural capital; provides its population with adequate and equitable access resources; does not compromise access of future generations to basic needs
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what percentage of the worlds projected increase in population between 2009 and 2050 is likely to come from developing countries?
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97%
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Name an example of reuse.
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using plastic butter tubs to store leftovers
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In 2003, the World Wildlife Fund estimated that humanity's global ecological footprint exceeded the earth's biological capacity by how much?
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25%
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If everyone on earth consumed at the same level as the citizens of the U.S., we would need...
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5 more earths
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nonpoint sources of pollution include what 4 things?
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wind carrying dirt and pesticides from croplands; runoff from a stockyard; fertilizer runoff from lawns; runoff from cropland
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Scientists have identified several problems with relying primarily on pollution cleanup. What are 3 of them?
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it is only a temporary bandage as long as the situation remains the same; it often simply moves the pollutant from one place to another; once pollutants are released it is too expensive to remove them
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The average U.S. citizen consumes about ____ times as much as an average citizen in India.
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30
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The idea that we should be responsible, caring managers of the earth is called...
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the stewardship worldview
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Research by social scientists suggests that it takes ____ percent of the population of a community, country, or the world to bring about a major change.
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5-10
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Nature reveals four basic principles that could help us to transition to sustainable societies. what are they?
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reliance on solar energy; biodiversity; nutrient cycling; population control
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Life on earth depends on the interaction of gravity, the cycling of matter, and...
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one-way flow of energy
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High quality energy is constantly...
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becoming low quality energy
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of the total amount of solar energy intercepted by the earth, what percentage actually reaches the earths surface?
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1%
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Name 4 abiotic limiting factor.
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too much water; too little poassium; too high temperature; insufficient nutrients (population over crowding is NOT an abiotic limiting factor)
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Name 4 types of consumers
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decomposer; omnivore; carnivore; detrivore
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what are end products of anaerobic respiration?
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acetic acid; methane; ethyl alocohol; hydrogen sulfide (oxygen is NOT an end product of anaerobic respiration)
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List 4 facts about microorganisms.
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bacteria and other microbes help purify the water we drink; bacteria help produce the foods we eat; bacteria help break down food in our intestines; microbes help control diseases of plants
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an ecosystem CAN survive wihtout
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autotrophs
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the typical percentage of loss of energy in transfers from one trophic level to the next is about _____ percent
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90%
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Scientists estimae humans now use, waste, or destroy what percentage of the earth's total potentail NPP?
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20-32%
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Name 4 ways that humans alter the water cycle.
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withdraw large quantites from streams, lakes, and quifers; increase runoff by clearing vegetation from the land; alter eather patterns by clearing vegitation; increase flooding by distrubing natural flood controls
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Humans intervene in the nitrogen cycle in several ways. What are they?
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burning fossilfuels add nitric acid; agriculture releases nitrous oxides; destruction of forests releases nitrogen; we store nigrogen in the topsoil when we harvets nitrogen rich crops
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The exponentail rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years resulted from...
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leveling off of death rates
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Population change is calculated using what formula
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(births + immigration) -
(deaths + emigration) |
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What is one economic factor deacreasing the likelihood of a couple having a child?
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cost of child's education
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two useful indicators of overall heath in a country or region are...
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life expectancy and infant mortality rate
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What are four reasons the US has one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries?
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inadequate health care for pregnant poor women; drug addiciton among women; high birth rate among teenagers; inadequate health care for babies after birth
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Currently, legan and illegal immigration account for approximately how much of the U.S. annual population growth?
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40 %
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Countries that have reached zero population growth have an age structure diagram that...
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shows little variation in population by age
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4 problems associated with rapid population decline include...
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less government revenues with fewer workers; less business formation; less likelihood for new technology development; increasing public deficits
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women tend to have fewer and healthier children for what 4 reasons...
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When their individual rights are protected; when they have access to emplyment outside the home; when they have access to education; when they have access to family planning
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China's population policy includes what 4 things?
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encouraging later marriages; health pension, and employment benefits for one-child families; urging families to have no more than one child; providing free access to birth control
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how many children do Indian women have on average?
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2.1
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What is true of China's average age of it's population?
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the increase in the average age has slowed dramatically
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what are the four most deadly diseases
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pneumonia and flu; malaria; tuberculosis; HIV\AIDS
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In 1918, the highly potent virus that spread rapidly around the glove and killed 20-50 million people within a few months was the...
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spanish flu
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according to a 2000 study, at least _____ of all antibiotics used to streat humans are prescribed unnecessarily.
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1/2 (one half)
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the effects of neurotoxins can result in what 4 things?
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behavioral changes; learning disabilities; ADD; death
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DDT, PCBs, atrazine, bisphenol-A, and phthalates are all examples of...
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hormonally active agents
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teratogens cause...
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birth defects
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name 4 synthetic chemicals that can act as hormone mimics or hormone blockers.
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dioxins, PCBs, some pesticides, DDT
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____ relates to the amount of a potentially toxic substance as it passes through food chains and webs.
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Dose
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This term is used to refer to chemicals that are resistant to breakdown and that have long-lasting harmful effets on the health of wildlife and people
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persistence
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In 2003, the US envrionmental protection agency (EPA) proposed that in determining risk, regulators should assume children have ____ times the exposure risk of adults to cancer-causing chemicals.
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10
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of the 100,000 registered synthetic chemicals in commercial use, only ____ have been adequately tested to determine whether they are carcinogens, teratogens, or mutagens.
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10%
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what is not one of the factors that cause people to see a technology or product as being more or less risky than experts judge it to be.
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degree to which the risk is caused by the government
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