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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phytophagy |
eating of plants |
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Why are bees good pollinators? |
1. scopae: long/dense hairs collect pollen 2. corbiculae: pollen basket on tibia 3. expandable crop: holds more nectar |
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Why is it beneficial for insects to be host-specific? (Pollination) |
1. Cross pollination = increased genetic diversity 2. More efficient than wind pollination 3. Insects can learn flowers to visit 4. Increase efficiency of collection of resources |
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How do plants defend against herbivory? |
1. Antixenosis: repels/fails to attract (eg trichomes) 2. antibiosis: reduces fitness 3. tolerance: extra seeds, rapid healing, etc 4. chemical: constitutive or induced |
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Predatory adaptations |
1. large eyes 2. chewing mouthparts 3. raptorial forelegs 4. extra-oral digestion |
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Common endoparasites |
1. Diptera (flies) 2. Strepsiptera 3. Hymenopterta (wasps) |
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Common ectoparasites |
1. Phthiraptera (lice) 2. Siphonaptera (fleas) |
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Parasitoid hymenpotera evolutionary strategies |
1. Hyperparasitism 2. Superparisitism (many parasites, 1 host) 3. polyembryony (1 egg, multiple larvae) |
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Properties that facilitate insects as vectors |
1. piercing-sucking mouthparts 2. deification while feeding 3. anesthetics in saliva 4. sensing appropriate hosts 5. well adapted for living w/humans |
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Common insect pests |
1. lepidoptera larvae 2. hemiptera (bugs/aphids) 3. coleoptera (beetles) 4. thysanoptera (thrips) 5. hymenoptera |
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Insect pests |
damages something of value to humans |
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economic threshold (ET) |
pest density at which control measures should be applied to prevent EIL |
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economic injury level (EIL) |
lowest pop level that will cause economic damage |
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how insects become pests |
1. introduction outside of native range 2. becomes disease vector 3. host shift in native insect 4. agricultural practice (mono) |
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Problems with pesticides |
1. pests evolve resistance 2. stop being effective 3. kill non-target organisms |
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Integrated Pest Management |
1. cultural (crop rotation, trap crop, destroy residue) 2. mechanical: handpicking, sticky traps 3. chemical: natural/synthetic, entry into insect inhale/digest, sex pheromones 4. host-plant resistance: natural resistance 5. regulatory control: prevention of entry |
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Features that make insects vulnerable to extinsion |
1. poor dispersers 2. low genetic variability 3. speacialized niche requirements 4. pristine, stable environments 5. no prior contact w/people 6. close related species extinct |
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Why care? |
Ecosystem services -dung burial -pollination -pest control -recreation/commercial fishing -products |
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Effects of ecosystem services |
1. Provisional: food, raw material, genetic, pharm 2. cultural: history, identity 3. Supporting: nutrient cycling, soil formation 4. Regulating: pest/disease control |
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Solution to extinction |
1. restore habitats 2. restore ecosystems 3. focus on marketable groups 4. motivate public e.g. coral reef commons and miami tiger beetle |