Entomology Exam 2

Front 1

explain the process and evolution of pollination

Back 1

1. insects accidentally carried pollen between male and female of species

2. plant evolved to attract those insects more and more (color, odors, etc.)

3. evolution of nectaries (put attractant nectar near reproductive structures) so it's all easier for everyone who's good

Front 2

specialized examples of phytophagy

Back 2

leaf rollers

case bearers

leaf miners

plant borrers

galls (?)

Front 3

tritrophic induced defense

Back 3

the plant will attract the enemies of herbivores when the plant is eaten.

ex: corn uses terpenoids to signal to parasitic wasps that they are being eaten by fall army worms

Front 4

-/- interaction

Back 4

competition (can be interference or exploitative)

example:

Front 5

-/+ interaction

Back 5

predation

example: leaf miners

example: ant lions

Front 6

0/- interaction

Back 6

amensalism

Front 7

0/+ interaction

Back 7

commensalism

ex: mites will hitch rides, live on stuff, etc. but won't strain the host

Front 8

+/+ interaction

Back 8

mutualism (facultative or obligate)

ex: bee pollinators!

ex:

Front 9

how do plants deter herbivory?

Back 9

antixenosis (plant repels or fails to attract bug)

antibiosis (plant messes with the bug's life)

tolerance (coping)

Front 10

predators, parasites, parasitoids

Back 10

predators: short term, eats many, kills quickly

parasites: long term, eats few, doesn't kill host

parasitoid: long term, kills host

Front 11

parasite

Back 11

an organism that lives in or on a host organism and feeds on body tissue or fluids (~50% of all species on earth!)

Front 12

why are there so many parasites and parasitoids?

Back 12

because there are so many niches to fill, and they promote mad faster evolution and speciation

Front 13

idiobionts

Back 13

usually ectoparasitoids, they paralyze host when laying an egg

Front 14

koinobiont

Back 14

usually endoparasitoids, doesn't paralyze host, larva develops inside the host

Front 15

hyperparasitoid

Back 15

parasitoid of a parasitoid

Front 16

endo

Back 16

inside

Front 17

ecto

Back 17

outside

Front 18

how do endoparasitoids breathe?

Back 18

they get stuff from the hemolymph (oxygen and nutrients)

they break into trachea

they trick the host into creating a snorkel

Front 19

polyDNAvirus

Back 19

this kind of virus is carried in parasitoid wasps

turns host into a zombie

alters mind and behavior

Front 20

host defense strategies

Back 20

hiding

struggling

morphology

immune response

self medication (flies laying eggs in alcohol when they see wasps)

Front 21

red queen hypothesis/coevolution

Back 21

parasitoids and predators and their hosts are in a constant race, to stay in the same place they have to keep running. this is coevolution.

Front 22

aphids as ecosystems

Back 22

aphids host bacteria in bacteriocytes and the buchnera gives them essential amino acids to supplement the phloem diet

Front 23

what's up with symbiotic non pathogenic bacteria?

Back 23

-can be intracellular or extracellular

-bacteriocytes are special cells which permanently house intracellular bacterial symbionts

-the presence of these usually indicate unideal diet

Front 24

bacteriocytes

Back 24

specialized cells to host microbes which are beneficial

Front 25

define pollination

Back 25

the transfer of male gametes to female gametes, the anthers to the stigma

Front 26

antixenosis

Back 26

plant repels or fails to attract insects (for example, trichomes are a defense)

Front 27

antibiosis

Back 27

plant reduces the life of the bug

Front 28

tolerance

Back 28

plant copes with it's temporal existence

Front 29

chemical defenses

Back 29

can alter behavior

can poison bug

if chemical defenses are constantly present, then they are constitutive

Front 30

about phytophagy

Back 30

more than half of insects are herbivores, this is probably the most common biological interaction on the planet

Front 31

why are bees such good pollinators?

Back 31

one major reason is that they have an expandable crop to help them to carry nectar

Front 32

why is host specificity beneficial?

Back 32

for the plant- it is more efficient way to pollinate, more so than for example relying on the wind

for the insect- the insect can learn a flower well, it is therefore also more efficient

Front 33

draw a model of induced defense

Back 33

ex: larva of a moth eat a leaf, the leaf sends out chemical signals to attract wasps to attack the lil dudes

Front 34

draw a model of the aphid stuff

Back 34

u kno

Front 35

types of pathogens

Back 35

virus- west nile- mosquito

bacteria- plague- fleas

protozoa- malaria- mosquito

nematodes- river blindness- flies

Front 36

morphological properties which aids vectoring

Back 36

piercing-sucking mouthparts, existing around humans

Front 37

what orders are common pests?

Back 37

lepidoptera larvae- caterpillars

hymiptera- aphids

hymenoptera- sawflies