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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Ethics in four statements
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Branch of philosophy Analysis of behavioural choices that individuals/societies face Provides guidelines on what is right and wrong Provides a good rational in order to defend yourself in the professional context |
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Define Need for ethics (PNR)
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We face choices every day that provide different courses of actions that lead to different consequences, so it is a way to rationally reason our choices |
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Name the two common pitfalls avoided through ethics
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Moral Absolutism and Moral Relativism |
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define moral absolutism
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Morals can never be changed; therefore, decisions are always the same |
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define moral relativism
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Morals are relative to each individual; therefore, decisions depend on the circumstances and the surroundings and no decisions will be okay for everyone because all decisions are subjective (ie. there can be no valid guideline for all to follow) |
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define Values
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Beliefs that define individuals, guide their behaviour, and govern their choices Received from social surroundings (i.e. family, friends, work colleagues) |
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define Engineering Ethics
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Analysis of decisions, choices, and policies that are morally desirable in engineering practice and research Decisions are based on engineering problems and are professionalized within the professional system |
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state the four main Purposes of Engineering Ethics
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Moral awareness, Moral Autonomy, Moral Imagination and Moral Communication. |
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define Moral awareness
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awareness of value conflicts that underlie choices
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define Moral autonomy
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ability to think critically and independently about moral issues
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define Moral imagination
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ability to discern alternative solutions to moral dilemmas
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define Moral communication
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ability to communicate ethical issues in a precise and reasonable manner
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Differentiate Ethics vs. Morals by stating unique attributes of Ethics (6 possible statements)
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Ethics.. Objective system of making choices Analysis of human behaviour Frameworks are not specific to cultural or geographic context Provides something impersonal Requires rational examination (not a personal opinion) Internal influence on behaviour (self-governance) |
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Differentiate Ethics vs. Morals by stating unique attributes of Morals (5 possible statements)
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Morals.. Classification of right and wrong acts Customary norms of behaviour Vary with time and geography Personal (tend to be socially-based) Can create conflicts between people due to an individual’s personal belief |
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why is there a Code of Ethics and what is it
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-National Assembly required engineers to adopt a code that would establish rules of conduct for professional practice (the why)
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Engineers have duties and obligations towards
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The Public, Clients and Profession |
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Public
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society as a whole, with the government representing society
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Employers and Clients
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the person whom you’re working for or the company you’re working for
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in the context of duties and obligations a Profession represents
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what your duties and values are to the engineering profession
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the three steps of ethical reasoning are
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-Reflecting on choices -Analyzing choices -Making the choice |
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state things that affect Choices
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-Actions are justified on the basis of an ethical rule -These rules gain their validity from a general ethical theory -The choices you make are based on the rules that have been acquired throughout your life -Ethical Theories, Ethical Rules, Ethical Actions |
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name three aspects of human behaviour
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Agent (person involved) Action (doing something) Result (consequences)
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state 3 Ethical Theories, their associated philosopher and focus of human behaviour
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(Agent) Virtue Theory - Aristotle (Action) Deontological Theory - Immanuael Kant [Duty ethics] (Result) Consequentialism - John Stuart Mill [Utilitarianism] |
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describe Consequentialism and its issues
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-Looking at the nature of the result -Utilitarianism the right actions will bring about the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people -An action is categorized good or bad depending on the consequence it produces -Problem is that you do not have a time frame (you don’t know when the consequence of the action will occur), therefore there is a difficulty in analyzing the nature of the result + good/bad consequences not immediately knowable therefore hard to make a decision. |
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describe Deontological Theory and issues
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-Looking at the action itself
-Duty ethics states good actions come from following rules -The ends do not justify the means chosen to accomplish them -Pay attention to how to achieve certain goals... -Even though the consequence can be good, if the action in itself is bad, then the whole situation is bad -Duties based on Categorical imperatives never have exceptions |
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describe Virtue Theory and its issues
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-A better guide to ethical actions is the character of the person performing that action. -Looking at the person performing the action and comparing him/her to a “role model” (someone who does a similar thing) -There is no standard role model unique to each person -Ethically reasoning your choices -Based on personal experience (compare to someone you already know) |
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describe Locke's Rights Ethics
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Every individual has certain rights that cannot be alienated, simply by virtue of his or her existence. Right to life and the right to maximum possible individual liberty and human dignity are fundamental. All other rights flow out of them. |
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describe Natural Ethics
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Principles are derived from nature |
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describe Religious Ethics
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Moral principles are based on religious standards of behaviour |
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describe Justice (PNR)
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Fairness/rightness in action and conduct Basic liberty rights cannot be taken away from somebody Equity and equality of opportunity (everyone has to be on the same level) |
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state the four Categories of Justice (PNR)
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Procedural, Corrective, Distributive and Political |
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describe Procedural Justice (PNR)
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Justice needs to be seen to be done If you have to make a decision, you have to give all individuals involved the right to be heard equally and they have to have equal opportunity (no bias or discrimination) Doing this in the public domain, therefore justice is seen by society |
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describe Corrective Justice (PNR)
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Fairness in rectifying the wrongs There has to be an opportunity to get regressed for the wrong that has been done to someone |
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describe Distributive Justice (PNR)
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Redistributing for equality in society Each person should have equal opportunities |
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describe Political Justice (PNR)
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Fairness in political rights Person rule motivated by political justice |
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state the five steps of Ethical Analysis
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Moral Clarity, Conceptual clarity, Obtain relevant information, Consider all options, Make a reasonable Decision **By following all 5 steps, you are reducing the irrationality that can come about as a result of your actions |
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describe the 1st step of Ethical Analysis, Moral clarity (PNR)
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Identify relevant moral values |
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describe the 2nd step of Ethical Analysis, Conceptual clarity (PNR)
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Clarify key concepts Examine the code (usually professional values) Many questions (i.e. time frame, people involved, etc) |
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describe the 3rd step of Ethical Analysis, Obtain relevant information (PNR)
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Research Not everything you find will be perfect, but you have to reduce the amount of imperfect information you get by obtaining the most information possible |
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describe the 4th step of Ethical Analysis, Consider all options (PNR)
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Analyze your alternatives Pros and cons of making a particular choice |
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describe the 5th step of Ethical Analysis, Make a reasonable decision (PNR)
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Using all the information acquired from the previous steps make a decision. Might not be the decision you want, but it has to be the most reasonable and defendable (i.e. you have to have proof) |
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describe Competence
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to be objective and truthful
????not sure bout this answer tbh |
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describe Responsibility to the organization
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do what is needed to support the company
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describe Social commitment
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commitment to society’s welfare
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describe the 2 types of professional relationships
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-Ideal Model (professional provides skill and judgement directly to client) - Invisible client model ( professional is employed within an organasation |
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describe what an Organization is
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a group of people with a common purpose (eg. university whose purpose is to provide an education to the students)
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describe Individual Influencing Factors (MARS Model)
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Motivation, Ability, Role perception, Situational factors |
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(PNR) describe the MARS model’s motivation
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The force within the person that affects their direction, intensity, or persistence of voluntary behaviour Drives behaviour (i.e. to do or not to do something) When you are motivated, there are positive factors that can motivate you even more and you are put in a positive cycle |
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(PNR) describe the MARS model’s Ability
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Natural aptitude and learned capabilities to accomplish assigned tasks
You will perform better if you have the maximum capabilities |
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(PNR) describe the MARS model’s Role Perception
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Perceptions that individuals have about their role and others’ roles in a certain organization Associated with the duties and responsibilities given to you (drives your motivation and the nature of your behaviour) Help us communicate responsibilities and set expectations Identifies the appropriate responses that have to be taken during different situations |
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(PNR) describe the MARS model’s Situational Factors
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Conditions beyond an employee's control that constrain or facilitate behavior and performance. Internal time, budget, work facilities |
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describe leadership
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Process of guiding and directing the behaviors of ppl in the work environment.
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describe Leader
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advocate for change and new approaches to problems; has decision-making qualities, delegation, be a role model, trying to see the future
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describe Manager
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Advocate for stability and the status quo.
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describe Followership
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process of being guided and directed by a leader in a work environment
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describe Formal leader
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organization bestows the authority to guide and direct
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describe Informal leader
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unofficially accorded power by others
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describe different styles of leaders (PNR)
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autocratic style, democratic style, laissez-faire style etc.
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describe Power and Influence (PNR)
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Ability to influence someone else’s behaviour Your superior has power over you because he/she can influence your behaviour Incentives/disincentives can influence your job performance Types of power include political, financial, labour, skill, military, physical, economic, social (social respect), network (connections) |
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describe Working in Teams (PNR)
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A group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission for which they hold themselves mutually accountable |
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describe Organizational Structure
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Division of labour and patterns of coordination, workflow, and formal power that direct organizational activities |
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state the three Elements of structure
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Span of control, Centralization and Degree of formalization |
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describe Span of control
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number of people reporting to the next level in the hierarchy:
- layered (military), [(PNR)] -unlayered (reporting firm),[(PNR)] - flat structure (government) [big span of control] |
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describe Centralization
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degree to which decision-making authority is held by a small group
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describe Degree of formalization
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degree to which behaviours are standardized through rules procedures, formal training and related mechanisms.
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describe Organizational Culture
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Set of values and assumptions shared within an organization
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describe Values (PNR) [i think there's another card that asks to describe values and has better answer]
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reflect beliefs about what should be or should not be
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describe Assumptions
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deeply held beliefs that guide behaviour and tell members how to think about things
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state different organizational structures
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Functional, divisational, team-based, matrix, Line(PNR)?, Line and Staff(PNR)?
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describe the following organizational structure (PNR?), Line
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Hierarchical structure Direct/vertical relationships among the different operations within a firm Little horizontal communication |
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describe the following organizational structure (PNR?), Line and Staff
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Creates parallel chain of line and staff Staff provide support role to line organization Accounting office reports to president Provides financial advice to production and marketing |
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describe the following organizational structure, Functional
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-Organizes employees around specific knowledge or resources -Project is divided into segments and assigned to particular groups -Narrow understanding of business -Poor coordination across functions |
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describe the following organizational structure, Divisional structure
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-type of departmentalization that groups employees around geographic areas, outputs or clients. |
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describe the following organizational structure, Team-based structure
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-type of departmentalization built around the self-directed teams that complete an entire piece of work.
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describe the following organizational structure, Matrix
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-Employees are assigned cross-functional teams working on specific projects -Permanent function units employees are redistributed to projects -Optimum use of resources and expertise -one Problem is that employees respond to two managers, which can cause conflicts |
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describe the following organizational structure, Mechanistic
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has a narrow span of control and high degree of formalization and centralization
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describe the following organizational structure, organic
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structure with a wide span of control, little formalization and decentralized decision making.
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describe Trust
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ability to rely confidently on another
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describe a Fiduciary
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a person in whom another has placed utmost trust to manage their property or money.
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describe loyalty (PNR)
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when one puts the interests of another before personal interests even if such actions put them at risk.
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describe dignity (PNR)
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a feeling of respect or esteem that an individual holds themselves in.
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describe honesty (PNR)
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moral virtue, widely acepted, not well defined
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describe measures taken for building trust
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-Full disclosure of limits [in terms of ability,material,resources,everything] -ensure integrity and Transparency [don't hide squat] -Availability and Diligence [let yo client know your work hours] -Impedance and impartiality [eg. avoid Conflict of interest] -Confidentiality[ain't authorized to share client info unless released from secrecy] - Fair Fees [fees gotta be reasonable in regards to service offered] |
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particularity of Duties towards the Engineering Profession compared to other professions in Qc
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All individual professionals have the same duties (Professional Code), but engineers have something more, ie. Code of Ethics for Engineers
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describe the duty of Individual engineers in terms of their relation to their profession
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They have a duty to safeguard the dignity of their profession
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describe Derogatory Acts (PNR)
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Demeaning something, lowering the prestige of someone or something that will lower the image of the profession itself Governs how all professionals should behave in Quebec |
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describe Points that are considered Derogatory Acts (PNR)
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Discrimination to provide service on basis of race, colour, sex, etc. Claiming to be a specialist when you are not Sexual misconduct |
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describe Derogatory Acts in Code of Ethics for Engineers (PNR)
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Participating in illegal practice of the profession Pressing or using inducements to market one’s services Seeking legal action against a colleague on a professional matter Refusing to comply with the directions of the order Refusing to present yourself to the Order when requested to do so Ex.. if you have to be surveyed, you can’t say no. If you say no, you are committing a derogatory act |
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describe Relations with the Order of Engr. (PNR)
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How an engineer interacts with the Order is strictly scrutinized Legal and monetary consequences for not complying with the Order All members of the OIQ are inspected often Forbidden to hinder actions of a professional inspection An engineer must comply with request for participation in self-governance |
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describe Relations with Colleagues for Engr. (PNR)
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Important but secondary to duties to public Engineer can’t abuse colleague’s good faith by damaging their reputation Can’t take advantage of one’s position to limit the professional independence of another Proper notice must be given when replacing a colleague Can’t refuse to collaborate with a colleague due to race, colour, sex, etc. |
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describe what is an Engineer in Qc
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someone who holds a permit issued by OIQ and is entered on the Roll
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describe how one can lose membership
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-Fail to register on the Roll every year -Cease to meet registration requirement not a club! -Temporarily/permanently stricken off the Roll -Decide to cease being a member -Permit is revoked by Disciplinary Council |
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describe Professional Inspection
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OIQ must maintain standards for professional practice Committee conducts general inspection according to a program published in the PLAN so that people in the community know the kinds of work you are doing (way of doing quality control) -Conduct specialized inspection of a member if there is a cause for concern -Committee can’t take disciplinary action |
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describe Inspectors
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-other engineers that are just as qualified that inspect professional competence of any member on the request of board of directors.
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describe Discipline Disciplinary Action in the OIQ (PNR)
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Internal process in the OIQ aiming to correct offending conduct Associated with malpractice of the profession Process has exclusive jurisdiction to dispose any complaint there is a special authority to investigate you, so no one else can bring up your complaint in another court Investigated by the Syndic and consequence is made by Disciplinary Council Even when you retire or move out of Quebec, you can still be subject to investigation for what you did |
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describe Penalties awarded to members of OIQ (PNR)
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reprimand, temporary/permanent strike off the Roll, fines, revocation of permit, restriction/suspension to engage in professional activities
Note that anybody in society can complain about an engineer and the Syndic will look into the investigation |
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describe Council of Arbitration (PNR)
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Has powers to determine the amount of reimbursement a person is eligible for Can decide who should pay arbitration fees for the dispute Can consider quality of service for fees charged Procedure applies to private practice (not to employees) |
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describe Conditions to enter the Roll(PNR)
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Holds permit issued by the Order Pays assessments owed to the Order Pays any costs of disciplinary action taken by the Order against the person Has criminal record outside profession in Canada or another country Require a mental/physical examination of the member Examine competency of the applicant |
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describe Duties towards Humanity
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In all aspects of their work, engineers must respect their duties toward humanity The principal function of each order shall be to ensure the protection of the public Profession exists to protect humans Obligations toward humans arise from laws Understood in terms of the Canadians Charter of Rights and Freedoms |
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describe Humanity
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a condition of being humans living on this planet. We share a common philosophical conditions operates on a large level
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describe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Quebec’s Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (PNR)
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Obligations are directly related to laws Fundamental freedoms such as religion, expression, assembly Democratic Rights, Mobility Rights, Legal Rights, Equality Rights |
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describe Equity Freedom from Discrimination
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No professional may refuse to provide services to a person because of their race, colour, sex, etc of such person |
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describe Equity
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a condition of equality in society, relation to duty towards humanity, be involved in practice that is free from discrimination
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describe Prejudice
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an opinion formed without taking time and care to judge fairly, often based on incomplete and stereotyped information individual opinion
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describe Discrimination
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treating people differently because of some particular social attribute such as race, gender, or religion usually group level
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describe Harassment
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When discrimination results in extreme form of behaviour. Occurs when a person is subjected to unwanted behavior that offends, demeans, or humiliates individual level
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State three Forms of Discrimination
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Direct, Adverse effect and Systemic
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describe Direct discrimination
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discrimination directed against person on the basis of prejudice
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describe Adverse Effect discrimination
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discrimination that happens as a result of applying a rule or policy uniformly EX.. Bill 101
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describe Systemic discrimination
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discrimination that is rooted in accepted ways of doing this in a business or profession. Tends to prevent categories of people from achieving their goals EX.. glass ceiling (not allowing women to go further in the organization), or Cultural Imperialism (issue for aboriginals) or Physical/attitudinal barriers (issues for disabled)
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describe Multiculturalism
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opposite of discrimination Canada = cultural mosaic mix of ethnic groups, languages and cultures that co-exist |
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describe Diversity
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Presence of cultural differences in society. ie. variety in different social categories such as gender, race, ethnicity, etc
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describe Social diversity (PNR)
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the presence of various different social groups in society
Important in creating a multicultural society |
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describe Laws
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A rule established by a competent authority to regulate what is forbidden, required, or acceptable |
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describe Public Law
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governs relations of state or between state and individual (EX.. constitutional, administrative, criminal)
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describe Private Law
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governs relations between individuals (EX.. contract, commercial)
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describe Legal Systems and name the different types
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-The existing system for interpreting and enforcing laws -The set of institutions that enforce laws -Types include Civil Law, English Common Law, Mixed system Law, Religious Law (Muslim Law), Customary Law |
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describe Civil Law System
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Laws are written into systematic collections (codes) Laws are created by legislatures Decisions are based solely on applying the laws Precedence has no value |
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describe English Common Law
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-Laws are based on codes and earlier cases -Laws are created by legislatures judges -Decisions are based on laws and precedence Statutes are interpreted based on precedence **Previous laws and decisions make a difference because they can have an effect on the new laws and decisions that are made. |
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describe Quebec’s Legal System
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Mixed legal system Criminal matters are decided by English Common Law Property and civil matters are based on the Quebec Civil Code |
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describe Civil Code of Quebec
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Fundamental law in the province on disputes between private people and on property (sales, contract, family) Comprises a body of rules that lays down the “law of the land” Legislation is the primary source of law Courts are not dependent on precedent |
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describe Intellectual Property and who is responsible for its administration in Canada
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Property of someone’s intellect (their idea) -Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) responsible for the administration and processing of the greater part of intellectual property in Canada |
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describe Copyrights
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Exclusive right to allow someone to copy a creative work Applies to artistic, literary, musical works, computer programs, and sound recordings Cannot be facts, themes, ideas, titles, names, catch-phrases, or other short-word combinations Owned by creator, employer or one who commissions it Duration of copyright in Canada life of the creator plus 50 years following death **You will not get the same protection in the United States if you have the copyright in Canada. |
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describe Trademarks and name the three types of Trademarks
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Word, symbol, or design (or a combination of these) used to distinguish the goods or services of one organization from those of others last 15 years but can be renewed indefinitely as long as its is in continuous use. Three types are Ordinary marks, Certification Marks and Distinguishing Guise |
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describe Ordinary marks [Trademarks]
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Words/symbols that distinguish the goods and services of a specific firm (EX.. Dell) |
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describe Certification marks [Trademarks]
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Identifies goods or services that meet a standard set by a governing organization (EX..Energy Star) |
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describe Distinguishing guise [trdemarks]
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Identifies the shaping of wares/containers, or a mode of wrapping/packaging wares (EX.. Apple) |
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describe Patents
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Government grant that gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions In Canada, inventors have rights for 20 years from the date of filing |
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Criteria for Patenting include
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Invention must be new Invention must be useful (functional/operative) ie. have working model Invention must show inventive ingenuity not obvious to someone with skills Cannot be a principle, theorem, idea, or computer program, but it can be a product, chemical composition, or process. |
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describe what Industrial Design Rights protects
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The features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament (or a combination of these) applied to a finished article EX shape of a table or the ornamentation on the handle of a spoon Cannot be the functional features of an article, a principle of construction, how an article is built, the materials used in the construction of an article, colour, or ideas. 10 years, it lasts |
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describe Integrated Circuit Topographies (ICT)
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Refers to the three-dimensional configuration of the electronic circuits used in microchips and semiconductor chips ICT protection gives you exclusive rights over the copying of the topography and the commercialization of circuits that contain the topography Registration grants you exclusive rights for 10 years on your original circuit design. |
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describe Occupational Health Safety (OHS)
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-Provides a framework to regulate and minimize exposure of workers to hazards in workplaces. -OHS happens at mostly the provincial level because each province has different pieces of legislation (only 10% governed by federal OHS) -Intellectual Health Safety happens at the federal level (PNR) -Advances safe and healthy workplaces in Canada |
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describe Supervisor’s Responsibilities due to OHS legislation
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To ensure that workers use prescribed protective equipment devices To advise workers of potential and actual hazards To take every reasonable precaution in the circumstance for the protection of workers **Very crucial, takes responsibility of the job done in the workplace and has to protect the individuals that work below them |
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describe Employee’s Responsibilities due to OHS legislation
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To work in compliance with OHS acts and regulations To use personal protective equipment and clothing as directed To report hazards and dangers To work in a manner as required by the employer and use the prescribed safety equipment **Less important because they are the ones working in the laboratory (WTH? point is supposed to be that they aren't legally accountable for not respecting the OHS regs. unlike supervisors & employers) |
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describe Employee’s Rights due to OHS legislation
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To refuse to do unsafe work To participate in the workplace health and safety activities through Joint Health and Safety Committee (JHSC) or as a worker health and safety representative To be informed about actual and potential dangers |
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describe Due Diligence
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Legal term that suggests that all reasonable precautions were taken Important as a legal defense for a person charged under occupational health and safety legislation If charged, a defendant may be found not guilty if he/she can prove that due diligence was exercised (must show documentation) |
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describe Act Respecting Occupational Health Safety Regulations
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Introduced in 1979 splits workplaces into two categories: “ordinary” workplaces (construction sites, mines, ship yards, etc) "Special" topics (explosives, forestry operations, power lines, etc) |
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describe Prevention Programmes (PNR)
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To eliminate at the source, risks to the health, safety, and wellbeing of workers |
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describe Responsibility
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Responding or answering for an action performed (accounting for your actions) |
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describe Tort Law
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field of civil law that covers the civil damages that people can claim for other individuals in their life
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describe what to verify in order to hold one morally responsible
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Verify agency of the action Who did it? Degree of willful intent / Circumstances are important |
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describe Basis for Responsibility and the function of Roles (PNR)
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Roles help in grounding responsibilities Roles create expectations Individuals are held responsible when they do not meet role expectations |
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describe Role
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what is expected of you; positions that individuals fill within an institutional setting
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describe Liability
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Responsibility that is backed by the power of the law |
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describe Contractual Liability
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Responsibility that is owed within the bounds of an explicit contract |
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describe Extra-contractual Liability
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Responsibility that is owed by tort damages Happens through the actions between two individuals |
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describe Civil Liability
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Responsibility to pay for damages or harms caused Doesn’t involve criminal liability you must pay to get their fixed if someone else was harmed because of you |
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describe the three things that must be established for there to be compensation under liability laws
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-An act of omission on the person that manufactured the product eg. There is a defect in the product being used eg. After following the instructions and doing everything properly, you still get hurt -A consequence eg. You got hurt using the product properly -A cause-effect relation between act and consequence Every action you perform has a cause and effect **Sometimes, you don’t need the act of omission Sometimes it is hard to sell stuff (especially in the USA) because you have to think of every harm that can come about due to the use of the product you are selling. You have to think of all the people who are going to be using it because you can be held accountable if one of them gets hurt and there is no mention on the packaging or the product that a certain type of person (i.e. Children) can be held liable if they are harmed. |
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describe History of Liability (in Common Law) (PNR)
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first came Caveat Emptor - “Buyers beware” Buyers bore all liability of products bought You buy products at your own risk then came Caveat Vendidor - “Let the seller beware” With increasing complexity of products, sellers bear liability on products Sellers are penalized for negligent designs Manufacturer must pay compensation to the person harmed You have to establish that it is the product that caused this harm and that is happened because there was an oversight on the part of the manufacturer |
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describe Strict Liability
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Assigned in the public interest even in the absence of negligence on the part of the manufacturer There is a responsibility on engineers to consider the effect on likely uses and users of products |
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describe Liability Insurance
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Purchased to address business liability risks that are not covered by their commercial general liability insurance “Errors and omissions” insurance and “malpractice” insurance |
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describe Professional Liability insurance policy
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Pays other parties for damages for which the policy holder is legally liable to pay as a result of negligent acts, errors or omissions in the performance of his professional service All professionals have to take liability insurance (engrs. in Qc take part of group insurance plan of OIQ) You, as the manufacturer or designer, do not have to pay for the damages because the insurance will pay for it |
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describe Reasons for buying Liability Insurance
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To protect the firm, its associates, and employees from serious financial disruption To provide the clients with financial security for the professional services To have a “damage control” team and legal support available should a problem arise **Good for small companies because someone will help you deal with your legal issues. |
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describe the Positive connotation associated with Compromise
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Finding an agreement Spirit of mutual agreement between parties Flexibility to vary from stated goals “Agree to disagree”; you both agree on something even though you both didn’t get what you wanted |
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describe the Negative connotation associated with Compromise
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Sign of weakness in conviction Surrender of one’s objectives and principles |
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Is making compromises ethical?
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It depends... You have to look at the context (the moral issues) It should not betray ethical principles The moral issues provide the basis for whether or not you should make the compromise or not |
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When does a compromise not involve ethics?
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Individuals agree on fundamental values but disagree on application Eg. Engineers agree on transparency in tendering but disagree on how to implement it Decide on an implementation strategy |
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describe Tender
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proposing a project for others to include themselves however they can (a call for work to be accomplished)
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When does a compromise involve ethics?
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Individuals disagree on the same fundamental value Making such a compromise betrays ones ethical principles and personal integrity **If there is no disagreement on values, then there is no need for compromise |
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Is it ok to make moral compromise?
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Yes, under specific conditions -Great degree of factual/conceptual uncertainty -Moral issue has great complexity no black/white answer -Danger of breaking cooperative relationships (team, friends, family) -Non-deferrable decision time constraint -Limited resources require an imperfect decision resource constraint |
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describe Personal Modes of Handling Conflict
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Degree of concern about self Assertiveness (your needs) Degree to satisfy other’s concerns Cooperativeness (their needs) Push toward a mutual agreement by using both degrees at the same time |
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describe Five Modes of Conflict Handling
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Competing.. Individual pursues self-interest at the other person’s expense Accommodating.. neglects self-interest to consider other person’s needs Avoiding.. person avoids conflict situation and does not address it Collaborating.. works with other person to find a solution to both persons Compromising.. partially satisfies both parties |
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describe Safety Risk (PNR)
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Safety is the responsibility of engineers Analyze risk associated with product or process Communicate risk transparently to clients or public Acquire informed consent of participants |
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describe Risk
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the probability of an event occurring and of the consequences of that event
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describe Risk Assessment
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determination of quantitative value of risk related to a recognized threat
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describe Risk Neutralization
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danger potential of a product or process that may be reduced by safety measures
NO SUCH THING AS ZERO RISK! |
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Describe what a Dilemma is |
Ethical problem that requires a person to choose between opposing courses of action |
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describe Failure Tree Analysis (PNR)
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Identifies, models, and evaluates the unique inter-relationship of events leading to failure or unintended events Tool.. Used to evaluate complex systems Identify events that can cause an undesired event Used in safety, reliability, and accident investigation Analysis.. Identifies root causes Provides risk assessment |
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describe Risk Perception
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Degree of sentiment of danger among individuals who are exposed to the source of risk Varies depending on… Is risk well-known? Is it fair/evenly distributed? Is exposure voluntary? Is there real possibility of catastrophe? **Risk levels increase if something is a bigger catastrophe than something else and risk perception is higher if the process cannot be controlled by humans |
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describe Risk Communication
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Must be made by persons in charge and having information All stakeholders affected must be identified and their concerns addressed Delicate balanced operation informed decision or hysteria |
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describe Informed Consent (PNR)
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Based on two aspects... Providing or disclosing information Obtaining voluntary agreement |
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describe Disclosure laws (PNR)
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information required by a “reasonable nontechnical person”
Voluntary consent is the basis of liberal democracy in a “risk society” |
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Describe how "golden mean" relates to Aristotle's Virtue Ethics |
His guide to achieving virtue was to select "the golden mean" between the extremes excess and deficiency using thought, reason, deduction and logic. |
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'Tis the difference 'tween Attitude loyalty and Agency loyalty? (PNR) |
attitude loyalty is an emotional or identity response that arises from group affiliation. An attitude or sentiment of a person. Whereas Agency loyalty arises from fulfilling contractual duties A mandatory obligation that is fulfilled by obeying legitimate authority. |
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Describe duty to life and the environment (PNR) |
To act in a manner to safeguard the environment and to be mindful of the life, health, and property of every human. |
