English Linguistics

Front 1

WORD FORMATION
What is Etymology?

Back 1

To trace the lanuage origin of a word

Front 2

WORD FORMATION
What is Coinage?

Back 2

To create a whole new term, usually associated with names of brands like "zipper", "aspirin" or "vaseline"

Front 3

WORD FORMATION
How does Eponyms relate to Coinage?

Back 3

Eponyms are words created from the names of people or places. Examples are "hoover", "fahrenheit", "watt"

Front 4

WORD FORMATION
What is Borrowing, also known as Loan Words?

Back 4

Words created through borrowing are directly taken from other lanuages, spelling inctact but sometimes pronounced slightly differntly. Examples are "piano", "yogurt", "zebra"

Front 5

WORD FORMATION
What is Compounding?

Back 5

Compounding means to combine two seperate words into a new form. Examples are "doorknob", "wallpaper", "sunburn".

Front 6

WORD FORMATION
What is Blending?

Back 6

Blending is a combination of words where only parts of the words are used. Examples are "brunch (breakfast-lunch)" and "bit(binary-digit)"

Front 7

WORD FORMATION
What is Clipping?

Back 7

Clipping occurs when longer words are shortened down to be used in every day language. Examples are "(tele-)phone", "ad(-vertisment)" and "bra(-ssiere)"

Front 8

WORD FORMATION
What is Backformation?

Back 8

Backformation refers to turning a word into a new type of word by reducing it. Examples:
A Babysitter (noun) -> To Babysit (verb)
A Donation (noun) -> To Donate (verb)

Front 9

WORD FORMATION
What are Acronyms?

Back 9

Acronyms are words created by taking first letters of a larger set of words and putting them together. Examples:
CD (Compact Disc)
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimluation of Emission of Radiation)

Front 10

WORD FORMATION
What are Derivations?

Back 10

The most common process of word formation, derivations are new terms created through the adding of affixes such as suffixes, prefixes and infixes to create new meaning.
Examples:
MIS-lead
Respect-FUL
Foolish-NESS

Front 11

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
Sum up facts about "Broca´s area" in the brain.

Back 11

Broca´s area is located in the left hemisphere of the brain and deals with producing speech.
It is placed in front of and connected to Wernicke´s area.

Front 12

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
Sum up facts about "Wernicke´s area" in the brain.

Back 12

Wernicke´s area is crucial for language and speech comprehension.
It is placed behind the "Broca´s area".

Front 13

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
How does the motor-cortex affect speech?

Back 13

The motor-cortex controls the fysical articulation of speech, through its connection to facial muscular movement.

Front 14

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
What is the "arcuate fasciculus"?

Back 14

It is a bundle of nerve-fibres connection Wernicke´s and Broca´s area.

Front 15

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
What are "Malapropisms"?

Back 15

Malapropisms are also called "tip of the tounge"- fenomenon, in which a scertain word eludes the mind.
A connected "error" is to pronounce a word slightly wrong.

Front 16

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
What are "Spoonerisms"?

Back 16

Spoonerisms are also calles "slips of the tounge" that produce a change of two sounds, ex. "a top of tea" instead of "a cup of tea" or "a played player" instead of "a paid player".

Front 17

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
What are "slips of the ear"?

Back 17

Slips of the ear, is when the brain missunderstands what it percives, ex, hearing "great ape" when someone asks for "gray tape".

Front 18

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
Sum up facts about Broca´s and Wernicke´s aphasia.

Back 18

Broca´s and Wenicke´s aphasia leads to complications with either speech or understanding of speech.
Broca´s aphasia is also called "agramatic speech" and is shown as really long pauses, hesitations and lacking functional morphemes.
Wernicke´s aphasia is called "anomia" and presents as difficulty understanding speech, while still being fluid in producing speech.

Front 19

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
Describe "right ear advantage".

Back 19

Words percived in you right ear are processed directly in the left hemisphere and is therefore interpreted more clearly.

Front 20

LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
What is "the critical period"?

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This is a period in the childhood in which language aquisition takes place, when the brain is most suseptible for reciving and learning languages.

Front 21

SEMANTICS
What is it? Briefly sum it the hell up.

Back 21

Semantics is the study of words, meanings and sentences. A semantic analysis is focusing on the literal meaning, rather than the abstract message conveyed.

Front 22

SEMANTICS
What is the difference between conceptual and assocative meanings of words?

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Conceptual meaning describes the literal meaning that a / the word has, as found in a dictionary.
An associative meaning is a word that conveyes a meaning that trancends the literal meaning of the word, due to association. For example: using the word "low calorie" to describe an object as "healthy".
Associative meaning is not "adressed" by Semantics.

Front 23

SEMANTICS
What is the relation between the roles between an agent and a theme (patient)?

Back 23

The role of agent is the one that performs an action, thus affecting or involving the theme/patient.
Ex. The boy (agent) kicked a ball (patient).
or: The ball (patient) is red.

Front 24

SEMANTICS
What relation does instrument and experiencer have to the agent?

Back 24

An instrument is a noun-phrase by which an action is performed on a patient.
Ex. The boy (agent) kicked the ball (patient) with his foot (instrument).
An experiencer is a noun-phrase who has a feeling, a perception or a state.
Ex. The boy (experiencer) feels sad.

Front 25

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is the estimation for when we developed spoken language?

Back 25

Between a 100,000 and 50,000 years ago.

Front 26

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is meant by the divine source?

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It is the possibility or belief that the power of speech is god-given. Different religions have different beliefs conserning this, but they all lack proof,

Front 27

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is meant by "the natural sound source"?

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The theory are that language started out by imitating sounds of what they heard in their enviornment.
Ex. "kaaaaw kaaaw" could be the meaning for "bird"

Front 28

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is meant by "the social interaction source"?

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This theory proposes that language developed in a social envirnment, through group dynamics and by expressing needs.

Front 29

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is meant by the "physical adaptation source"?

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It refers to our physiological adaptation towards beneficial speech, through evolution our mouth, tounge and larynx has been optimized for speech,

Front 30

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is "the tool-making source"?

Back 30

The tool-making source is an area in the brain that lies very close to the language part of the brain and it is believed that by increasing our language understanding and thus need for new words and ways to express oursevels we started evolving theese parts simultaneously.

Front 31

THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
What is meant by "the genetic source"?

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This theory indicates that humans genetically carry a special capacity for language.

Front 32

MORPHOLOGY
What is morphology?

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Morphology is to investigate the basic forms in language, to describe its elements as morphemes.

Front 33

MORPHOLOGY
What is a "morpheme"?

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Morphemes are minimal units that carries meaning or grammatical function.

Front 34

MORPHOLOGY
What is the difference between free and bound morpheme?

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Free Morphemes are stand-alone words that carry a meaning in themselves. "Open", "Man"
Bound Morphemes can not be written alone but must be attached as a part of a word, all affixes are bound morphemes,
Important to know is that in words like "repeat", "recieve" and "reduce" we can easily see the prefix "re-" but the parts "-duce" "-cieve" and "peat" are not free morphmes since they have no singular meaning.

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MORPHOLOGY
What is the difference between free lexical and free functional morphemes?

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Free lexical morphemes are nouns, adjectives and verbs, while free functional morphemes are articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns.

Front 36

MORHPOLOGY
What is the difference between derivational and inflectional morphemes?

Back 36

Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes that changes the grammatical category of a word.
Ex. "-ness" to make "good" into "goodness"
Inflectional morphemes indicate aspects of the same grammatical function.
Ex. plural / singular or tenses (or possesives)

Front 37

SEMANTICS
Describe synonyms, antonyms and hyponyms

Back 37

Synonyms are closely related in meaning and can sometimes be substituted for eachorther.
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings and can be gradeable or non-gradeable.
Hyponyms is when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another.
Ex. Dog/ animal, the dog is by definition also an animal. This means that "dog" is a hyponym of "animal".

Front 38

SEMANTICS
What is a prototype?

Back 38

A prototype is a defining instance of a category.
Ex. a "sparrow" / "pidgeon" are prototypes of "bird"

Front 39

SEMANTICS
Describe the difference between homophones and homonyms.

Back 39

Homophones sound alike in speech but have completly different meanings and are spelled differently.
Homonyms are spelled and sound the same but hold different meanings. Its important to point out that homonyms have separate histories and only accidentaly carry the exact same form.

Front 40

SEMATICS
What is "Polysemy" and "Metonymy"?

Back 40

Polysemy is much like a homonym but with one key diffence; namly the multiple meanings are all related.
Metonymy are separate words that, based on everyday experiences, carry a close connection to eachother.

Front 41

SEMANTICS
What are "collocations"?

Back 41

Collocations are words and/or phrases that usually goes together. This is important because we seem to organize our knowledge of words on the basis of how frequently they appear together.

Front 42

PRAGMATICS
What is pragmatics?

Back 42

Pragmatics is the study of "invisible" meanings. or how we recognize what is meant even though it is not explicitly said or written.

Front 43

PRAGMATICS
Describe "linguistic context".

Back 43

Linguistic context is the concluding the meaning of words relating them to the words they occur with.

Front 44

PRAGMATICS
What are "deixis" and what three forms of "deixis" exists?

Back 44

Deixis are words that are impossible to interpret without context.
Person deixis are all pronouns.
Spacial deixis points to locations ( ex, here, there, near).
Temporal deixis points to time (ex. now, later, tomorrow).

Front 45

PRAGMATICS
What is the difference of the three types of reference: inference, anaphora and presupposition?

Back 45

Inference: is a succesful point of refference that depends of the listeners dictionary knowledge of the word used.
Anaphora: is a direct reference to something previously stated.
Presupposition: are assumptions that are carried together with references.
Example: If Gus asks Alex "Can I borrow your Shakespear?" the presupposition is that Alex has something that I can borrow and through inference Alex knows that "Shakespear" refers to his copy of Romeo & Juliet

Front 46

PRAGMATICS
What is the difference between Format and Function in Speech Acts?

Back 46

The format is a definition of how the words are put together, their literal form.
The Function is what type of Speech Act is performed with the words.
Example: "Can you pass me the pepper?" Has the format of an Interrogative (question) but the function is not asking about the ability to pass the pepper. Instead the function of this phrase is commonly a Request to pass something.
"Eat your dinner!" Format: Imperative Function: Request (command)
"You are that dinner." Format: Declarative Function: Statement

Front 47

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
How does Discourse Analysis differ from Pragmatics?

Back 47

It takes a broader view on eliciting information from fragmented sentences and understanding what is meant rather than what is said.

Front 48

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Explain the difference between Cohesion and Coherence

Back 48

Cohesion is something you find in written or spoken word as something that connects the words in a satisfying way.
Coherence is the ability in a person to put together and makes sense out of things.
In this dialogue: "Honey! The phone!" - "I'm showering!" - "Oh, OK!"
there is little cohesion, the words doesn't seem to be connected in a grammatical way, but a listener can still find coherence in it as an exclamation that the phone is ringing, a statement that someone can't answer because the person is in the shower and finally an acceptance of said statement.

Front 49

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
List and describe the Gricean Maxims

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Relation Maxim: The relevancy of your statement
Quality Maxim: The truth quality
Quantity Maxim: To not speak too little or too much
Manner Maxim: To express in an orderly and respectful manner.

Front 50

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
What are Hedges and Implicatures?

Back 50

Hedges are statements that are used when the quality maxim is in doubt. "Correct me if I'm wrong but..." "As far as I know..."
Implicatures are facts given through sticking to the maxims of relation and quality.
Example: "Are you going to go with us out tonight?" - "I have a huge exam tomorrow!"
The reply appears irrelevant to the question, but assuming that it is in fact related to the question (by relation maxim) and that is informing something (quality maxim) the answer is implicated as a "No, I'm busy studying tonight, because tomorrow there's an exam"