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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine systems sends messages by ______ |
sending hormones through the blood |
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hormone |
"to spur on"; chemical messengers; only work on target cells with receptors for that specific hormone |
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Receptor is the ______ Hormones is the _______ |
lock key |
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Glands that make hormones |
thyroid; pancreas; adrenals; ovaries; testes; parathyroid; pituitary; thymus |
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endocrine glands |
secrete into the blood stream; ductless; made up of hollow spherical follicles lined w/ secretory epithelial cells; surround by an extensive capillary network |
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3 types of hormones |
1. water-soluble 2. lipid-soluble 3. prostaglandins |
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water-soluble hormones |
amino-acid based and other nonsteroid hormones combine with recieots on cell membrane |
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lipid-soluble hormones |
steroids (gonadal and adrenocortical) and thyroid hormones pass through cell membrane to receptors in cytoplasm |
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prostaglandins hormones |
local hormones released by many tissues in the body; work on smooth muscle; highly active lipids |
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4 ways hormones are regulated in bloodstream |
1. hormonal 2. humoral 3. neural 4. positive feedback |
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hormonal regulation |
hormones stimulate other hormones |
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humoral regulation |
regulation by level of ions nutrients in the blood (negative feedback) |
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neural regulation |
nerve stimulation (ex: sympathetic NS stimulation of adrenal medulla) |
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*hypothatlamic pituitary axi |
*where neural signals control homronal outputs from the hypothalamus in form of 7 different |
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Releasing/Inhibiting hormones produced by hypothalamus |
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 3. Prolactin-releasing homrone (PRH) 4. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 5. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 6. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) 7. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (name tells you what it does)
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PRL |
Prolaction Produced in anterior Pituitary target - breast stimulates mammary glands/maintains breast milk production opposes progesterone
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GH |
Growth Hormone Produced in anterior Pituitary target - skeletal muscles, Long bones blood sugar homeostasis |
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Which hormone contributes to surfactant synthesis of fetal lungs at end of pregnancy? |
PRL (prolactin) |
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FSH |
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone stimulates production of ova and sperm initiates follicular growth controlled by pulses of gonadotropin |
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LH |
Lutenizing hormone stimulates ovaries and testes males - responsible for production of testosterone and spermatogenesis regulated by hypothalamus by GRH |
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ACTH |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates secretion of cortisol in adrenals regulated by the hypothalamus and glucocorticoid levels |
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cortisol |
"stress hormone"; released by ACTH; physical effects which are helpful (increased metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats); primary control is the ACTH; increases blood pressure and blood sugar and reduces immune responses |
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TSH |
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone stimulates thyroid to produce hormones regulated by hypothalamus and thyroxine levels |
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Oxytocin |
made in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary; stimulates contractions of uterus and let down reflex and orgasm; released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and vagina during labor and after stimulation of nipples facilitating birth and breastfeeding (behavior, orgasm, social recognition, pair bonding, anxiety, love, trust, maternal behaviors) |
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ADH |
Antidiuretic hormone, vasopression produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior of pituitary retaining fluids in the body to prevent blood volume from decrease/dehydration reduces urine volume to retain fluids released into brain during sexual activity-may initiate and support the pair-bond between sexual partners |
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T4 |
Thyroxine stimulates metabolism regulated by TSH |
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Calcitonin |
reduces blood calcium; protects against calcium loss from skeleton during times of stress; vitamin D regulation; satiety hormone; prevents postpradnial hypercalcemia resulting from absorption of calcium from foods during a meal; regulated by negative feedback mechanism |
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parathyroid hormone |
produced in thyroid negative feedback cycle; works with calcitonin; responds to amount of calcium in blood - if not enough it stimulates |
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Epinephrine |
"fight of flight" response; produced by adrenals; regulated by hypothalamus; boosts supply of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles raises glucose level, raises rate of metabolism; constricts certain blood vessels (digestion, unnecessary); supreses immune system |
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Norepinephrine |
part of "fight or flight"; stress hormone; affects parts of brain where attention and responding actions are controlled; increasing heart rate; releases glucose from energy stores and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle; regulated by hypothalamus in response to stress |
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Aldosterone |
how much salt is retained; increases reabsorption of sodium and water; release of potassium in kidneys; increases blood volume and therefore blood pressure; regulated by hypothalamus/pituitary (ADH); stimulated by decreased BP |
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Androgens |
small amounts are produced in adrenal; include testoterone, estrogens, several others; convert body tissues into feminizing estrogens; important in males; source of post menopausal estrogens |
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glucagon |
raises blood sugar by stimulating liver to convert glycogen to glucose; stimulated by decreasing glucose levels in the blood |
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pancreas (islets of langerhans) produces these hormones |
glucagon |
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insulin |
allows it to move to cells; facilitates diffusion |
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melatonin |
produced in pineal gland; regulates circadian rhythms; causes drowsiness, body temperature to drop |
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thymasin |
created in thymus gland; helps mature T cells, very active in childhood - not active in adulthood |
