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256 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Endocrine glands include the hypothalamus and ____ gland in the 3rd ventricle of the brain.
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pineal
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The ________ connects the hypothalamus and the pituitray gland.
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infidibulum
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The pituitary gland is housed in the _____ ______ of the sphenoid bone.
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sella turcica
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The thyroid gland is ______ to the trachea in the neck.
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anterior
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_____ small, parathyroid glands are attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid
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Four
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The thymus is below the thyroid and ______ to the heart.
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superior
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The parathyroid glands are on the _____ aspect of the thyroid gland.
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dorsal
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The pancreas is near the adrenal glands, and inferrior and posterior to the ______
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stomach
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The adrenal glands are superior to the _______
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kidneys
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Females have their ovaries in the ______ cavity.
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pelvic
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The testes of males are in the _____ area.
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scrotal
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The pituitary is also called the hypophysis because it is located under the ______ of the brain.
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hypothalamus
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The short stalk that attaches the pituitary and the hypothalamus is called the
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infidibulum
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Hormones are chemicals that produce specific activities in specific _____
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cells
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Endocrine glands release hormones in the ______
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blood
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The hypothalamus is located in what region of the brain?
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diencephalon
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The hypothalamus functions as an endocrine ______
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organ
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The pituitary is the master gland of the _______ system
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endorcrine
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Hormones exicte _____ glands
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endocrine
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The pituitary gland consists of an anterior lobe or __________
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adenohypophysis
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The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is the
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neurohydrophysis
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The anterior pituitary is composed of _______ epithelium
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glandular
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Releasing or Inhibitinig hormones secreted by the ________ stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
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hypothalamus
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Growth hormone or GH or somatotropin promotes metabolism and _____ _____
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body growth
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Anterior Pituitary. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or THYROTROPIN stimulate thryoid glands to secrete ________ hormones
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thyroid
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Anterior Pituitary. PROLACTIN promotes milk production and secretion of the _______glands.
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mamillary
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Anterior Pituitary. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC hormone ACTH activates the cortex of the ______ gland to secrete hormones
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adrenal
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The posterior pituitary is composed of ______ tissue. Called
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Neurohypophysis
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce
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melanin
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Secreted by anterior pituitary. Follicle stimulating hormone promotes sperm production in males and stimulates maturation of ______ follicles and secretion of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries of females
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ovarian
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The posterior pituitary lobe is composed of nervous tissue that stores and secretes antidiuretic hormone or ADH as well as _______ or OT which are produced by the hypothalamus.
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oxytocin
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Of the posterior pituitary. ADH or antidiuretic hormone reduces _____ _____ because it promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.Target organ:-----------. Produced by hypothalamus and stored in the posterior______
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urine volume
kidneys pituitary |
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Of the posterior pituitary. OT or ______ stimulates uterine contraction or secretion of milk by mammary glands.
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oxytocin
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The thyroid gland consists of 2 lobes that are connected by a narrow
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isthmus
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The posterior pituitary lobe is composed of nervous tissue that stores and secretes antidiuretic hormone or ADH as well as _______ or OT which are produced by the hypothalamus.
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oxytocin
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The posterior pituitary lobe is composed of nervous tissue that stores and secretes antidiuretic hormone or ADH as well as _______ or OT which are produced by the hypothalamus.
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oxytocin
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Thyroid Numerous microscopic follicles and parafollicular or C cells are located within each _____ gland.
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thyroid
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In the posterior pituitary, ADH or antidiuretic hormone reduces _____ _____ because it promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
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urine volume
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Of posterior pituitary. ADH or antidiuretic hormone reduces _____ _____ because it promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
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urine volume
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OT or ______ stimulates uterine contraction or secretion of milk by mammary glands.
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oxytocin
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Of Posterior Pituitary. OT or ______ stimulates uterine contraction or secretion of milk by mammary glands.
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oxytocin
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The thyroid gland consists of 2 lobes that are connected by a narrow
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isthmus
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The thyroid gland consists of 2 lobes that are connected by a narrow
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isthmus
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Numerous microscopic follicles and parafollicular or C cells are located within each _____ gland.
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thyroid
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Numerous microscopic follicles and parafollicular or C cells are located within each _____ gland.
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thyroid
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The walls of the thyroid follicles are composed of simple cuboidal or simple _____ epthithelium that secretes thyroid hormones.
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columnar
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The thyroid hormones (TH) are triiodothyronine, T3 or Thyroxine, T4. T3 and T4 increase the ______ rate of most body cells.
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metabolic
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The parafollicular cells secrete _______ that promotes the deposition of calcium in bone and consequential reduction of calcium levels in the blood.
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Calcitonin
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Parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior portion of the thyroid gland. Each parathyroid gland secretes ______ hormone or PTH that promotes an increase in ____ levels in the blood.
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parathryoid
Calcium |
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PTH or Parathyroid hormone is an antagonist of ________
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Calcitonin
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Since PTH or Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin are antagonists of each other, both facilitate calcium ______ by regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone.
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homeostasis
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The thyroid gland is the ______ endocrine gland.
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largest
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The location of the thymus gland is the _________, superior to the heart
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mediastinum
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The adrenal gland has a superficial outer cortex and a deep inner ______
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medulla
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The adrenal cortex has 3 distinct zones zona glomerulosa, zona ________, and zona reticularis
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fasciulate
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Adrenal gland. The zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticularis produce and secrete a group of steroid hormones called _________
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corticosteroids
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Cells of the outer zona glomerulosa secrete ________ that affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids
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mineralocorticoids
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Adrenal gland. An extremely important mineralocorticoid is Aldosterone, that promotes the ______ of sodium ions in the body.
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retention
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Adrenal Gland. Cells of the zona fasciculata in the middle region of the adrenal cortex secrete _______ that regulate glucose metabolism.
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glucocorticoids
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Cortisol is an important _______ that increases blood glucose levels and decreases inflammation.
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glucocorticoid
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The zona reticularis in the inner region of the adrenal cortex secrete ________ that increase sex drive especially in females.
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androgens
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Cells of the adrenal medulla synthesize and secrete _______ and norepinephrine that prepare the body to respond to stressful events.
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epinephrine
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Insulin introduces glucose in the cell and stimulates glucose _______. Its antagonist is _____ from alpha cells in low carb and high protein diets.
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uptake
glucagon |
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The pancreas in located in the abdomen and has a head, body, and _____.
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tail
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The head of the pancreas in located in the loop of the ______
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duodenum
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Exocrine and _____ cells are important components of the pancreas.
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endocrine
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Pancreatic exocrine cells exist in very tiny clusters called ______
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acini
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The exocrine or _____ cells secrete pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes that travel via the pancreatic duct into the duodendum or the first part of the intestine.
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acinar
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Endocrine cells of the pancreas exist in small clusters known as pancreatic islets or ______ of _______
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islets of Langerhans
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Each pancreatic islet is surrounded by _____ cells.
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acinar
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The cells of each pancreatic islet _____ and beta cells, that synthesize pancreatic hormones and secrete them in the bloodstream.
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alpha
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Beta cells secrete _____when blood glucose exceeds normal levels. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose ______ into cells and increasing glucose metabolism.
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insulin
absorption |
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Pancreatic Islets. Alpha cells secrete ______ when blood glucose levels fall below normal levels. Gluconeogenesis is the conversion of fats and proteins into glucose that is released in the blood.
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glucagon
gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis |
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The pineal gland is a small ____shaped structure that produces ______ from the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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cone
melatonin |
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Melatonin regulates biological rhythms such as _____cycles.
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sleep
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The thymus gland is much larger in babies and infants than adults. It produces thymosin and thymopoietin that are concerned with _____
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immunity
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Ovaries are paired female ____ that produce sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin that regulate the female reproductive process.
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gonads
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Testes are paired male _____
Testes produce the sex hormones ________ and inhibin that regulate male reproductive processes. |
gonads
testerone |
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The body has 4 principal avenues of communication from cell to cell, including Gap Junctions, Neurotransmitters, ________, and Hormones.
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Paracrines
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Gap junctions join single-unit smooth muscle, _____ muscle, epithelial, and other cells to each other.
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Cardiac
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Paracrines are sometimes called ____ hormones. Secreted by one cell and ____ to nearby cells in the same tissue and stimulate their physiology.
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local
diffuse |
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The distinction between exocrine and endocrine glands is that exocrine glands have ______and endocrine glands are ductless. Another distrinction- exocrine glands have extracellular effects like digestion, and endocrine glands have _______ effects. Endocrine glands alter the metabolism of target cells.
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ducts to epithelia or mucosa
intracellular |
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Endocrine glands have a high density of ______. Capillaries so permeable called ______ capillaries.
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capalliarlies
fenestrated |
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Liver cells are neither exocrine or ______.
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endocrine
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The nervous and endocrine system ______ and regulate each other.
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complement
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The nervous system communicates by means of electrical impulses and ______
The endocrine system communicates by way of ______ |
neurotransmitters
hormones |
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The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses of specific _____cells. Endocrine system releases _____ into blood for general distribution in the body.
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target
hormones |
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The nervous system has local, specific effects, and the endocrine system has general, ______ effects.
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widespread
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The nervous system reacts quickly, and the endocrine system reacts more _____
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slowly
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The nervous system stops quickly when stimulus stops, and the ______ system continue responding after stimulus stops.
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endocrine
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The _____ system adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulaiton, and endocrine adapts relatively slowly.
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nervous
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Several chemicals function as both neurotransmitters and ______ including NE, dopamine, thyrotropin releasing, ADH,
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hormones
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Some hormones, such as OT and epinephrine are secreted by ________ cells.
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neuroendocrine
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Neuroendocrine cells are ______ that release their secretions into bloodstream.
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neurons
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Some hormones and neurotransmitters produce overlapping effects on the same _____ cells, such as glucagon and NE stimulate liver to break down glycogen and release _____ in blood.
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target
glucose |
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The nervous and endocrine systems continually ______ each other.
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regulate
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Only organs or cells that have _____ can respond to hormone
These are called _____ organs or cells. |
receptors
target |
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The hypthalamus is shaped like a flattened _____and forms the floor and walls of 3rd ventricle of brain.
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funnel
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hypothalamus regulates water balance, sex drive, thermoregulation, and ______
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childbirth
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The pituitary gland hypophysis is suspended from the floor of the hypothalamus by a stalk or _______ and housed in a depression of sphenoid bone or _____ _____
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infidibulum
sella turcica |
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The pituitary gland is composed of 2 structures: the adenohypophysis, and the
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neurohypophysis
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The adenohypophysis grows from the hypophyseal _____
The adenohypophysis has 2 parts: the pars distalis - distal to the _____, and the _____ _____, a small mass of cells that wrap around the stalk. |
pouch
stalk pars tuberalis |
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The pars _______of the pituitary is a strip of tissue between the anterior lobe and neurohypophysis.
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intermedius
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hypothalamus regulates water balance, sex drive, thermoregulation, and ______
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childbirth
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The pituitary gland hypophysis is suspended from the floor of the hypothalamus by a stalk or _______ and housed in a depression of sphenoid bone or _____ _____
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infidibulum
sella turcica |
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The pituitary gland is composed of 2 structures: the adenohypophysis, and the
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neurohypophysis
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The adenohypophysis grows from the hypophyseal _____
The adenohypophysis has 2 parts: the pars distalis - distal to the _____, and the _____ _____, a small mass of cells that wrap around the stalk. |
pouch
stalk pars tuberalis |
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The pars _______of the pituitary is a strip of tissue between the anterior lobe and neurohypophysis.
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intermedius
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The anterior pituitary has no nervous connection to the hypothalamus, but linked by complex of blood vessels called
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hypophyseal portal system
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The hypophyseal portal system of the anterior pituitary links it to the hypothalamus and consists of small veins or portal venules and secondary capillaries. Hypothalamus controls ______ by secreting hormones that enter primary capillaries and travel down the _____ _____, and diffuse out of the secondary capillaries.
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pituitary
portal venules |
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The neurohypophysis is the posterior one quarter of the _____
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pituitary
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The neurohypophysis has 3 parts: median eminence, an extension of the floor of the ____, infidibulum, the stalk, and the posterior lobe or ______ _____
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brain
pars nervosa |
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The neurohypophysis made of ____ tissue.
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nerve
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There are ____ hormones produced in the hypothalamus. ____ regulate the anterior pituitary or releasing hormones if they stimulate pituitary cells to secrete hormones of their own. They are _____ hormones if they supress or inhibit pituitary secretion. ___ are stored in the posterior pituitary and released on demand.
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8
6 inhibiting 2 |
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Inhibiting Hormones- Somatostatin- growth hormone-inhibiting hormone. Inhibits secretion of ____ and ____ Somatotropin is ____ hormone. Somatostatin is A hypothalmic inhibiting hormone.
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TSH and GH<BR>Growth
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_________ Hormones
Somatostatin, Oxytocin OT and ADH or anitdiuretic hormone are posterior pituitary hormones. Ot from the paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus and ADH from the supraoptic nuceli of hypothalamus. ADH and OT treated as posterior pituatary hormones even though pituitary does not synthesize them. Somatostin regulates the liver bone muscle and fat. ADH regulates the kidney and OT regulates the uterus and mammary glands |
hypothalamus
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OT from paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus and ADH from _______ nuclei of hypothalamus.Stored and released in the posterior pituitary.
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supraoptic
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The anterior pituitary synthesizes 6 hormones, the first 2 are called ______ because they target the gonads. FSH or follice- stimulating hormone, and LH or luteninzing hormone are ____
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gonadotropins
gonadotropins |
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FSH or ______ hormone is secreted by pituitary cells called ________. Results in Female growth of ovarian ____ and secretion of estrogen. Male sperm production
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follice-stimulating
gonadotropes follices |
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Lutenizing Hormone or LH is also secreted by the ______
Stimulates female _____. Maintenane of corpus luteum. Stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone. Also LH stimulates secretion of testerone in males. |
gonadotropes
ovulation |
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Anterior Pituitary hormones- TSH or Thyotropin_stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormone and has widespread effects on _______ rate and body temp. Secreted by ______
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metabollic
Thyrotropes |
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Anterior Pituitary ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hromone is secreted by the _____ No target organ but stimulates the cortex to secrete hormone glucocorticoid, especially cortisol, which regulate glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and important in response to stress.
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corticotropes
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In Anterior Pituitary- the Target organ of FSH or follicle- stimulating hormone
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ovaries testes
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In Anterior Pituitary- the target organ of LH- or lutenizing hormone
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ovaries testes
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In anterior pituitary- The target organ of TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
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thyroid gland
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In anterior pituitary- The target organ of ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
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adrenal cortex
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In anterior pituitary- Prolactin PRL- target organ is _____ _____ and testes. Female milk synthesis. Male increased LH sensitivity and testerone secretion
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mammary glands
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PRL has a gonadotropic effect. Makes the testes more sensitive to ____Indirectly enhances the secretion of _____
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LH
testerone |
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In anterior pituitary- GH or growth hormone or somatotropin is secreted by _________most numerous cells of anterior pituitary gland
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somatotropes
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In anterior pituitary- GH stimulates mitosis and ______ differentiation and promotes tissue growth throughout the body.
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cellular
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Hypothalamus secretes a releasing or inhibiting hormone thus inducing a specific type of _____ cell to secrete its hormone that hormone is usually targeted to another endocrine gland elsewhere in the body. And finally that hormone secretes a hormone with an effect of its own.
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pituitary
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In Anterior Pituitary. Prolactin or PRL secreted by ________
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lactotropes or mammotropes
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During pregnancy the _______ increase in size and number and PRL secretion rises, but no effect until after woman gives birth. Then it stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
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lactotropes
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PRL has a gonadotropic effect that makes testes more sensitive to LH. Thus indirectly enhances the secretion of __________
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testosterone
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Growth homone or Somatotropin is secreted by the __________, which are the most numerous cells of the pituitary. Pituitary produces 1000 times as much ____ as any other hormone.
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somatotropes
GH |
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Functions of GH: stimulates ______, cellular differentiation, and promotes tissue growth through out the body.
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mitosis
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The pars intermedia is absent from the _____ human pituitary.
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adult
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The two posterior pituitary lobe hormones are ADH or antidiuretic hormone and OT or ________
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oxytocin
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ADH or anitdiuretic hormone increases water retention by the _______, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration.
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kidney
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ADH also functions as a brain neurotransmitter and is usually called _________
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vasopressin or arginine vasopressin
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Oxytocin or OT surges during sexual ______ and orgasm. Aids in propulsions of semen in males and uterine contractions that transport sperm up female reproductive tract. Sexual satisifaction and emotional bonding between partners. Stimulates _____ _____ in childbirth. Stimulates flow of milk in ______ mothers.
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arousal
childbirth lactating |
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Hypothalamic control enables the _____ to monitor conditions within and outside of body and to stimulate or inhibit release of anterior lobe hormones appropriately.
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brain
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The posterior pituitary lobe is controlled by _________ _____ or the release of hormones in response to signals from nervous system
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neuroendocrine reflexes
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Antidiuretic hormone ADH is also controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex. Dehydration raises the osmality of the blood which is detected by hypothalamic neurons called ________.
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osmoreceptors
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The target organs of the pituitary also regulate the pituitary and hypothalamus mostly thru _____ _____ inhibition.
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negative feeback inhibition
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example of negative feedback inhibition: If thyroid hormone is high, TSH secretion remains moderate. If thyroid hormone secretion drops, TSH secretion _____ to stimulate thyroid to produce more of its hormone.
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rises
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Feedback from a target organ is not always inhibitory. Oxytocin triggers _____ feedback cycle during labor.
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positive
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GH is not targeted to a specific _____ but has widespread effects on the cartilage, _____, and muscle.
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organ
bone |
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GH has direct and indirect effects. Indirectly, induces liver and other tissues to produce insulin=like growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II or ++++++ IGF-II important to fetal growth.
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somatomedins
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One effect of IGF is to prolong the action of _____. Half=life time for 50 per cent of hormone to be cleared from blood
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GH
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Mechanisms of GH-IGF action. Protein synthesis- tissue growth requires ____ ____. 2 amino acids required for building material and mrna for instructions. GH boosts the translation of mRNA and transcription of _____, and thus the production of mRNA. Enhances _____ acid transport to cells. Suppresses _______ catabolism.
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protein synthesis
DNA amino protein |
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Mechanism of GH- IGF action Lipid Metabolism. GH stimulates _______to catoblize and release fatty acids and glycerol in to the _____. Makes it unecessary for cells to consume their _____. Called protein-sparing effect.
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andipocytes
blood protein. |
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Mechanism of GH- IGF action- Carbohydrate Metabolism GH also has a ____-sparing effect. By mobilizing fattty acids, reduces dependence of cells upon glucose so they will not compete with _____Also makes glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage
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glucose
brain |
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GH is secreted by gonadotropes. Mechanism of GH- IGF action-Electrolyte balance GH promotes Na and K and Cl- retention by ______ and enhances Ca absorption by _______ and makes these electrolytes available to growing tissues.
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kidneys
small intestine |
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The target organof the posterior pituitary ADH or antidiuretic hormone is
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kidneys
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The target organs of the posterior pituitary OT or Oxytocin is kidneys and ______
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uterus, mammary glands
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The target hormones of anterior pituitary are GH or growth hormone or liver bone, cartilage and
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muscle and fat
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The most consipucous effects of GH are on the bone, cartilage, and
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muscle
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The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the _____ ventricle of the brain beneath the posterior end of the corpus ______
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3rd
callosum |
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The +++++ gland may play a role in establishing 24 hour circadian rhythms.
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pineal
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During the night, the pineal gland synthesized melatonin a monamine from serotonin. Regulates the gonads and annual breeding cycle. May suppress ________ secretion.
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gonadotropin
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The thymus gland plays a role in 3 systems: endocrine, lymphatic, and +++++. Located in the mediastinum, superior to the heart, behind the manubrium.
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immune
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Thymus becomes increasingly fatty and glandular with age. Enormous in the fetus and _____
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infant
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The thymus is a site of maturation for certain white blood cells called ____ cells that are important for immune defense.
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T
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The thymus secretes hormones: thmopoiethin, thymosin, and thymulin that stimulate the development of other ______ organs and regulate the the development and activity of ____ cells.
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lymphatic
T |
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The thyroid gland is the largest gland in adults. It has __ lobes that lie adjacent to the ______ immediately below the larynx.
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2
trachea |
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The 2 lobes of the thyroid gland are usually joined by a narrow anterior bridge of tissue, the _______
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isthmus
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Thyroid has dark reddish brown color due to abundant +++++ vessels.
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blood
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The thyroid gland is composed mostly of sacs called thyroid ++++++
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follices
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The thyroid gland is composed mostly of sacs called thyroid follicles. Each filled with a protein rich colloid and line by simple cuboidal epithelium of follicular cells. These cells secrete the hormone thyroxine or T4 or tetraiodothyronine because of the_____ iodine atoms.
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4
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The thyroid gland also produces triiodothyronine or T3 with ___ iodine atoms. The expression thyroid hormone applies to T3 and T4 collectively.
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3
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Most T4 is converted to ___ in the target cells and T3 is the more physiologically active form.
|
T3
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Thyroid hormone is secreted in response to TSH or _____ _____ from the pituitary. The primary effect of TH is to increase the body's _____ rate. It also raises oxygen consumption and has a calorigenic effect, which means it increases ____ production. TH secretion rises in cold weather.
|
thyroid-stimulating hormone
metabollic heat |
|
|
|
TH raises respiratory rate, ++++ rate, and strength of heart rate. Stimulates appetite and accelerates breakdown of carbs, fats, and protein. Promotes _____Quicker reflexes, GH secretion, and growth of bones, skin, nails, and teeth. Development of fetal nervous system
|
heart
alertness |
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|
The thyroid gland also contains nests of C clear cells or parafollicular cells between the follicles. They respond to rising levels of blood calcium by secreting ______ Calcitonin antagonizes the action of parathyroid hormone and stimulates osteoblast activity, thus promoting calcium deposition and bone formation. Important mainly in _____
|
calcitonin<BR>children
|
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The parathyroid glands are ovoid glands. They are small and have 4 of them. Partially embedded in the ______ surface of the thyroid. A thin ____ capsule separates them from thyroid tissue. Other locations also, like hyoid bone. Secrete PTH or ______ hormone in response to hypocalcemia PTH raises blood _____levels.
|
posterior\
fibrous parathyroid calcium |
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The adrenal glands or suprarenal glands sit like a cap on the superior to superomedial surface of each _____. They are retroperitoneal or lie ____ the peritoneal cavity and posteior body wall. Looses weight by age of 2 years due to involution. The adrenal gland forms with merger of 2 fetals glands. The inner core of the adrenal gland is the adrenal _____ and 10 To 20 percent of gland. The medulla is gray to dark red. Surrounding it is much thicker adrenal cortex, 80 to 90 percent and yellowish color. High concentration of lipids and cholesterol.
|
kidney
outside medulla |
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The adrenal medulla has a dual nature, acting as both an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the ______ nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers penetrate through the cortex to reach _______ cells in the medulla. Chromaffin cells are sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers, but they have no dendrites or axons and they release their products into the _______, like any endocrine gland. Upon stimulation of nerve fibers in stress, the chromaffin cells release a mixture of catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Increase alertness, prepare for physical activity, and mobilize high energy fuels. Glucose levels boosted by glycogenolysis or hydrolysis of glycogen to _____, and gluconeogenesis conversion of fats, amino acids, and other noncarbs to glucose.
|
sympathetic
chromaffin bloodstream glucose |
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|
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Epinephrine is said to have a glucose=sparing effect. It ______ the secretion of insulin so that the muscles and other insulin-dependent organs consume less _____. Fall back on fatty acids, while blood glucose left more for use by brain.
|
inhibits
glucose |
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The adrenal cortex, which surrounds the medulla produces more than 25 steroid hormones called the corticosteroids or _____Only 5 important. Three categories: mineralocorticoids, which regulate electrolyte balance, _________, which regulate the metabolism of glucose and other organic fuels, and sex steroids with various developmental and reproductive functions.
|
corticoids
glucocorticoids |
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Andrenal cortex. The 3 classes of steroids: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids are secreted by 3 layers of adrenal glandular tissue: zona _______, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis.
|
glomerulosa
|
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Adrenal Cortex. The zona glomerulosa is a thin layer less developed in humans located just below the ____ at the gland surface. Arranged in rounded clusters. Secretes aldosterone, a _______ that stimulates the kidneys to retain Na in the body fluids and excrete K in the ______ Since water retained with sodium by osmosis, aldosterone maintains blood volume and pressure.
|
capsule
mineralocorticoid urine |
|
|
|
Adrenal Cortex. Zona fasiculata is a thick middle layer constituting about 3/4 of the adrenal _____. Here cells arranged in fascicles or parallel cords.
|
cortex
|
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Adrenal Cortex- Zona Fasciculata is a thick middle layer that constitutes 3/4 of the _____ cortex. The cells arranged in fascicles or parallel cords, separated by capillaries perpendicular to gland surface. The cells are called spongiocytes. The zona fascicula secretes glucocorticoid in response to _____ from the pituitary. The most potent glucocorticoid is cortisol or hydrocortisone, but also less potent corticosterone. They stimulate fat and _____ catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of glucose and fatty acids in the blood. This helps the body adapt to stress and repair damaged tissue. Also inflammatory. Long-term secretion suppresses immune system.
|
adrenal
ACTH protein |
|
|
|
Adrenal Cortex- Zona Reticularis =the narrow, innermost layer adjacent to the adrenal ______. Its cells form a branching network for which the layer is named. They secrete sex steroids including androgens and smaller amounts of ______. Androgens control many aspects of male development. The adrenal androgens are DHEA or dehydroepiandrosterone and a lesser amount of androstenedione. Many tissues convert to androgen and testosterone. In women adrenal glands meet 50 percent of androgen requirement.
|
medulla
estrogen |
|
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The main adrenal estrogen is _______. Minor importance until after menopause when adrenals only source of estrogen. Fat tissues convert androgen into additional estrogen. Both androgens and ______ promote adolescent skeletal growth and adult bone mass.
|
estradiol
estrogen |
|
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|
The medulla and _____stimulate each other. Without stimulation by cortisol, the medulla atrophies significantly. Some chromaffin cells of medullary origin extend into the _____. When stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, the chromaffin cells stimulate the cortex to secrete _________ and perhaps other corticosteroids.
|
cortex
cortex corticosterone |
|
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|
The pancreas is an elongated spongy gland located below and behind the ---------, mostly superficial to the peritoneum. It is primarily and exocrine ______ gland. Scattered throughout the exocrine tissue, are 1 to 2 million endocrine cell clusters called _______ islets of Langerhans. Although less than 2 percent of pancreatic tissue, the islets secrete hormones for the regulation of ______, the blood glucose concentration.
|
stomach
digestive pancreatic glycemia |
|
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The Pancreatic Islets include twenty percent alpha cells, seventy percent beta cells, five percent delta cells, and small numbers of PP and +++ cells.
|
GG
|
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|
Pancreatic Islets. Alpha Cells or A cells secrete glucagon between meals when the blood concentration is +++++. In the liver, glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the release of +++++ into circulation, thus raising the blood glucose level. In andipose tissue, it stimulates fat catabolism and the release of ____ acids. Glucagon is also secreted in response to rising amino acid levels in the blood after a high protein meal. Promtes amino acid absorption.
|
falling
glucose fatty |
|
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|
Beta or B cells of Pancreatic Islets secrete +++++during and immediately following a meal, when glucose and amino acid levels are rising. Insulin stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or +++++ them. It lowers the blood glucose level. Promotes the synthesis of glycogen, fat, and _____thereby promoting storage of excess nutrients for later use and enhancing cellular growth and differentiation. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis in the _____. Insulin insuffficiency is the cause of diabetes.
|
insulin
metabolize protein liver |
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Pancreatic Islets. Delta cells or D cells secrete somatostatin or Growth-inhibiting hormone with the release of _____ in the beta cells. Somatostatin inhibits digestive enzyme secretion and ______ absorption. Acts in pancreas and modifies other types of islet cells. It partially suppresses the secretion of ++++++ and insulin in the alpha and beta cells.
|
insulin
nutrient glucagon |
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Pancreatic Islets. PP cells or F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Inhibits ______ contraction and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
|
gallbladder
|
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Pancreatic Islets. G cells secrete ++++ which stimulates the stomach's acid secretion, mobility, and emptying. The small intestine and stomach itself secrete gastrin.
|
gastrin
|
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Any hormone that raises blood glucose concentration is called a _______ hormone. Such hormones include: glucagon, GH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and corticosterone. Insulin is called a hypoglycemic hormone because it _____ blood glucose levels.
|
hyperglycemic
lowers |
|
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|
Like the pancreas, the gonads, (ovaries and testes) are both exocrine and _____. Their exocrine products are whole cells egg and sperm. Sometimes called cytogenic glands. Their endocrine products are ______ hormones, most of which are steroids.
|
endocrine
gonadal |
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|
FSH and LH are ________
|
gonadotropins
|
|
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TSH is secreted by pituitary cells called ______
|
thyrotropes
|
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ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the corticotropes and its target organ is the _____, but stimulates the cortex
|
adrenal cortex
|
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Prolactin Or PRL is secreted by the pituitary cells called _______ or mammotropes.
|
lactotropes
|
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The hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are: TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone, CRH or Corticotropin releasing hormone, GnRH or gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GHRH or Growth releasing Hormone, PRH or Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone PIH and ______, which inhibits GH and TSH.
|
Somatostatin
|
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The anterior pituitary hormones are FSH or follice stimulating hormone, LH or lutenizing hormone, TSH, or thyroid=stimulating hormone,which is released by the thyrotropes ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, _____, released by the corticotropes, or prolactin, and GH or ______.
|
PRL
growth hormone |
|
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|
TRH hypothalmic hormone Promtoes secretion of TSH or ______ stimulating hormone and Prolactin or ++++++, which is released by the lactotropes.
|
thyroid
PRL |
|
|
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CRH hypothalmic hormone
Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone or _____, which is released by the corticotropes. |
ACTH
|
|
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TSH, an _____pituitary hormone is released by the thyrotropes.
|
anterior
|
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Hypothalamic hormone GnRH or Gonadotropin=releasing hormone promotes secretion of follicle sitmulating hormone FSH and lutenizing hormone ++++
|
LH
|
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|
Prolactin or PRL is secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary called lactotropes or ++++++
|
mammotropes
|
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GH or anterior pituitary Growth Hormone is secreted by +++++++
|
somatotropins
|
|
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|
Hypothalamic hormone GHRH or growth hormone- releasing hormone promotes secretion of +++++
|
GH
|
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Hypothalamic hormone PIH or Prolactin=Inhibiting Hormone inhibits the secretion of ______
|
prolactin
|
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|
Posterior Pituitary PRL or Prolactin released by the lactotropes or mammotropes and GH or somatotropin released by the ++++++++
|
somatotropes
|
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|
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) arises from hypophyseal
|
pouch (outgrowth of pharynx)
|
|
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|
Neurohypophysis
arises from |
brain
|
|
|
|
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
GH, Prolactin or PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH or follice-stimulating hormone, and ____ |
LH or lutenizing hormone
|
|
|
|
OT and ADH produced in ______ and transported to posterior pituitary or _______thru hypthalamo-hypophysseal tract
|
hypothalamu
neurohypophysis |
|
|
|
FSH stimulates egg and sperm and released by
|
gonadotropes
|
|
|
|
LH stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and ______males - stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete ________. Secreted by _________cells.
|
estrogen
testosterone gonadotrope |
|
|
|
TSH stimulates growth of _______gland and secretion of TH. Secreted by ________
|
thyroid
thyrotropes |
|
|
|
ACTH or corticotropin (secreted by _______. regulates response to stress, stimulates _____ cortex
corticosteroids regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism |
( corticotropes)
adrenal |
|
|
|
PRL (secreted by lactotropes)
female - ______synthesis after delivery male - ____sensitivity, thus testosterone secretion |
milk
LH |
|
|
|
GH is Secreted by ________of anterior pituitary or _________
|
somatotropes
adrenohypophysis |
|
|
|
GH stimulates the _____ to produce IGF=1 and IGF=2.
|
liver
|
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|
IGF1 and IGF2 promote protein synthesis, lipid _____, glucose=sparing effect, and electrolyte balance.
|
metabolism
|
|
|
|
ADH targets the kidneys and ______water retention, reduce urine, and also functions as ________
|
increases
neurotransmitter |
|
|
|
OT functions in labor contractions and _____ bonding.
|
emotional
|
|
|
|
Pineal gland Produces _______ by day, converts it to melatonin at night
|
serontin
|
|
|
|
Pineal gland may regulate timing of puberty in ______
|
humans
|
|
|
|
Melatonin increases in SAD and
|
PMS
|
|
|
|
thymus location in Location: _______, superior to heart. Involution after puberty
|
mediastimum
|
|
|
|
thymus Secretes hormones that regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes
thymopoietin and thymosins |
T-lymphocytes
|
|
|
|
Thyroid gland Largest endocrine gland; high rate of blood flow. arises root of embryonic tongue
Anterior and lateral sides of trachea ______large lobes connected by isthmus |
2
|
|
|
|
Thyroid follicles
filled with colloid and lined with simple cuboidal epithelial (follicular cells) that secretes two hormones, ________ |
T3 and T4
|
|
|
|
thyroid hormone
_______ body’s metabolic rate and O2 consumption calorigenic effect ______heat production ______ heart rate and contraction strength respiratory rate stimulates appetite and breakdown CHO, lipids and proteins |
Increases
increases Increases |
|
|
|
Thyroid
C (calcitonin or ________) cells produce calcitonin that increase blood Ca2+ , promotes Ca2+ deposition and bone formation especially in children |
parafollicular
|
|
|
|
Parathyroid glands PTH release
+++++ blood Ca2+ levels promotes synthesis of calcitriol ______ absorption of Ca2+ Decreases urinary excretion Increases bone resorption |
Increases
Increases |
|
|
|
The zona glomerulosa, fasciulata, and reticularis are in the adrenal
|
cortex
|
|
|
|
In a cross section of adrenal tissue the capsule is on the top and the ______ is on the bottom and the zona in between in the cortex.
|
medulla
|
|
|
|
Adrenal Medulla _______ ganglion innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
consists of modified neurons called chromaffin cells stimulation causes release of catecholamines (epinephrine, NE) |
sympthathetic
|
|
|
|
Adrenal Medulla Hormonal effect is longer lasting
Increases alertness, anxiety, or fear increases BP, heart rate and air flow raises metabolic rate inhibits insulin secretion stimulates gluconeogenesis and __________ |
glycogenolysis
|
|
|
|
Stress causes medullary cells to stimulate _____
|
cortex
|
|
|
|
Adrenal Cortex :3 layers
Layers zona glomerulosa (outer) zona fasciculata (middle) zona_______(inner) |
reticularis
|
|
|
|
the following corticoidsteroids are released by the layers of the adrenal cortex: Corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa) control electrolyte balance, aldosterone promotes Na+ retention and K+ excretion glucocorticoids (zona _______) especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (from a.a.’s and FA’s) and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood anti-inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression with long-term use sex steroids (zona reticularis) androgen (including DHEA which other tissues convert to testosterone) and estrogen (important after menopause) |
fasciculata
|
|
|
|
Pancreas
1-2 million islets produce hormones 98% of organ produces digestive enzymes or (exocrine) Insulin (from ____ cells) secreted after meal with carbohydrates raises glucose blood levels stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake nutrient storage effect (stimulates glycogen, fat and protein synthesis) antagonizes glucagon |
beta
|
|
|
|
Pancreatic Hormones
From Alpha cells Glucagon secreted in very low carbohydrate and high protein diet or fasting stimulates glycogenolysis, fat catabolism (release of FFA’s) and promotes absorption of amino acids for _________ |
gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
|
Pancreatic Enzymes
Hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose GH, epinephrine, NE, cortisol and corticosterone ________ hormones lower blood glucose insulin |
hypoglycemic
|
|
|
|
ovaries Follicles = egg surrounded by granulosa _____
|
cells
|
|
|
|
Ovaries
Granulosa cells in wall of ovarian follicle produces ______, first half of menstrual cycle Corpus luteum: follicle after ovulation produces estradiol and progesterone for 12 days or 8-12 weeks with pregnancy Functions of estradiol and progesterone development of female reproductive system and physique including bone growth regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy prepare mammary glands for lactation Both secrete _____suppresses FSH secretion |
estradiol
inhibin |
|
|
|
Testes
Interstitial cells (between seminiferous tubules) produce testosterone and ______ Functions development of male reproductive system and physique sustains sperm production and sex drive Sustentacular sertoli cells secrete inhibin which suppresses FSH secretion which stabilizes sperm production rates |
estrogen
|
|
|
|
The _______ gland is the major regulator of Ca levels in the blood.
|
parathryoid
|
|
|
|
When the Ca levels in the blood_______, the parathyroid gland releases more parathyroid hormone. This in turn increases _______ which results in more bone breakdown. this releases more ____ into the blood stream.
When the Ca levels in the blood decrease, the parathyroid gland releases more ______hormone. This in turn increases osteoclasts which results in more bone breakdown. this releases more Ca into the blood stream. |
decrease
osteoblasts calcium PTH |
|
|
|
When Ca levels in the blood increase the thyroid gland releases Calcitonin. this decreases the activity of the osteoclasts which in turn decrease the levels of Ca in the blood.
When Ca levels in the blood increase the thyroid gland releases Calcitonin. this decreases the activity of the osteoclasts which in turn decrease the levels of Ca in the blood. When Ca levels in the blood increase the thyroid gland releases Calcitonin. this decreases the activity of the osteoclasts which in turn decrease the levels of Ca in the blood. When Ca in the blood increases, the parafollicular cells of the thyroid release ______. Decreases the osteoblasts which decrease Ca in the blood |
Calcitonin
|
|
|
|
A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin.
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
|
Craven
|
Adj. Cowardly.
|
Carven person could not join any protest or strike.
|
|
|
______ is a (hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells)
|
insulin
|
|
|
|
______ (a hormone secreted by the pancreas; stimulates increases in blood sugar levels in the blood (thus opposing the action of insulin))
|
glucagon
|
|
|
|
ADH is produced by the ____
|
hypothalamus
|
|
