Endocrine A And P2

Front 1

The anterior pituirary consists of ______ that secrete hGH. The hypothalam releases stiumulating and ______ hormones.

Back 1

somatotophs
The hypothalamus releaases

Front 2

The anterior pituitary gland consists of somatotrophs that produce hGH or human _____ hormone. The hypthalamusis the major integrating link between the nervous and +++++ system. The hypothalmaus provides stimulating and _______ hormones. The hypothalamus provides GRH, or growth releasing homone and GRH or growth inhibiting hormone. Both effect the anterior pituitary's production of _______ or hGH or human growth hormone.

Back 2

growth
nervous
releasing
somatotropins

Front 3

The anterior pituitary conists of lactropes that produce PRL or ______. The anterior pituitary is influenced by the hypothalamus production of PRH prolactin ------- hormone and PIH prolaction +++++ hormone.

Back 3

Prolactin
releasing
inhibiting

Front 4

Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary synthesize FSH or ______ _____ _____ and lutenizing hormone

Back 4

follicel stimulating hormone

Front 5

Corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary secrete ACTH or ______ hormone. The hypothalamus releases CRH or __________ releasing hormone.

Back 5

adrenocorticotropic
corticotropin

Front 6

Corticotophs also secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone or _____ in the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus releases CRH or corticotropin relaeasing hormone

Back 6

MSH

Front 7

The hypothalamus produces TRH or thyroid +++++ hormone. In the anterior pituitary, the thyrotropes secrete TSH or thyroid +++++ hormone. In the thyroid, T3 or triiodothroxin and T4 or ++++++ are released. The thyroid follices, composed of _______ cells, secrete T3 and T4.

Back 7

Releasing
stimulating
thyroxine

Front 8

Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism, growth, and development. Their secretion is controlled by the level Of ______ in the blood and TSH.

Back 8

iodine

Front 9

Human growth hormone hGH stimulates body growth through insulinlike growth factors IGF's . Secretion of IGF is inhibited by GHIH ir growth hormone ++++++ hormones or Somatostatin and promoted by GHRH, or growth hormone ______ hormeone. GHRH AND GHIH from the -----------

Back 9

inhibiting
releasing
hypothalamus

Front 10

TSH of the anterior +++++regulates thryoid gland activiites. It is stimulated by _____ or thyroid releasing hormone of the hypothalamus and suppressed by GIHI or growth hormone +++++ hormone of the hpothalamus or Somatostatin. It is stimulated by GHRH of the _____ or growth hormone releasing hormone.

Back 10

pituitary
TRH
inhibitiing
hypothalamus

Front 11

FSH and ____regulate the activities of the _____, ovaries, and testes. They are controlled by GnRH or ++++++ releasing hormone from the ________

Back 11

LH
gonads
gonadotropin
hypothalam

Front 12

PRL or _____helps intiate milk secretion. PIH, from the hypothalamus, or Prolactin +++++ hormone suppresses secretion of PRL. However, the hypothalamus PRH or Prolactin ______ hormone and the hypothalamus TRH or Thyroid +++++ hormone stimulate PRL secretion.

Back 12

prolactin
inhibiitng
releasing
releasing

Front 13

ACTH regulates the activiities of the adrenal cortex and is controlled by CRH ______ releasing hormone of ++++++

Back 13

corticotropin
hypothalamus

Front 14

Secretion of MSH is stimulated by CRH or _____ releasing hormone of +++++ and inhibited by dopamine.

Back 14

corticotropin
hypothalamus

Front 15

The neural connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is via the ________tract

Back 15

hypthalamoohyprphiseal

Front 16

Hormones made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior +++++ are oxytocin or OT which stimulates contraction of the _____and ejection of milk from the ++++++and ADH or antidiiretic hormone which stimulates ______ absorption by the kidneys and constriciton of the arterioles. ADH is also known as vasopressin.

Back 16

pituitary
uterus
breasts
water

Front 17

OT secretion is stimulated by Uterine ______and suckling during nursing. ADH secretion is controlled by osmotic pressure of the blood and ______ ______.

Back 17

distention
blood volume

Front 18

The thyroid gland is located inferior to the +++++

Back 18

layrnx

Front 19

The thyroid gland consists of thyroid follicles composed of follicular cells, which secrete the thyroid hormones T4______ and T3_______and ______ cells which secrete calcitonin.

Back 19

thyroxine
triiodothronin
parafollicular

Front 20

Thyroid hormones are synthesized from iodine and +++++ within thyrodglobulin TGB.

Back 20

tyrosine

Front 21

Thyroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to plasma proteins mostly thyroxine-binding +++++ TGB.

Back 21

globulin

Front 22

Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism, growth, and development. Their secretion is controlled by the level of +++++ in the blood and TSH (anterior pituitary).

Back 22

iodine

Front 23

Calcitonin can lower the blood level of calcium ions Ca2 and promote ______ of Ca2 into bone matrix. Secretion of Calcitonin is controlled by Ca2 level in the blood. Cacitonin comes from the ______ cells of the thyroid. An increased level of Ca in the blood takes Ca from bone and puts in the blood.

Back 23

deposition
parafollicular

Front 24

The thyroid gland consists of thyroid follicles composed of follicular cells, which secrete the thyroid hormones T4______ and T3_______and ______ cells which secrete calcitonin.

Back 24

thyroxine
triiodothronin
parafollicular

Front 25

Thyroid hormones are synthesized from iodine and +++++ within thyrodglobulin TGB.

Back 25

tyrosine

Front 26

Thyroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to plasma proteins mostly thyroxine-binding +++++ TGB.

Back 26

globulin

Front 27

Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism, growth, and development. Their secretion is controlled by the level of +++++ in the blood and TSH (anterior pituitary).

Back 27

iodine

Front 28

Calcitonin can lower the blood level of calcium ions Ca2 and promote ______ of Ca2 into bone matrix. Secretion of Calcitonin is controlled by Ca2 level in the blood. Cacitonin comes from the ______ cells of the thyroid. An increased level of Ca in the blood takes Ca from bone and puts in the blood.

Back 28

deposition
parafollicular

Front 29

The parathyroid glands are embedded on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the _____

Back 29

thyroid

Front 30

The parathyroids consist of principal cells and ++++ cells.

Back 30

oxyphil

Front 31

Parathryoid hormone PTH regulates the homeostasis of Calcium and Phosphate ions by increasing blood calcium level and decreasing+++++ level. Secretion is controlled by Ca2 levels in the blood.

Back 31

phosphate

Front 32

Increasing Ca and decreasing _____. Excrete out phosphate by kidney. Ca and Phosphate are sisters.

Back 32

phosphate

Front 33

The adrenal glands are located superior to the _____
They consist of an outer adrenal cortex and inner _____ ______

Back 33

kidneys
adrenal medulla

Front 34

The adrenal cortex is divided into a zona glomerulosa, azona fasculculate, and a zona reticularis.The adrenal medulla consists of ______ cells and large blood vessels.

Back 34

chromaffin

Front 35

Corttical secretions are mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and ++++++

Back 35

androgens

Front 36

Mineralocorticoids, mainly ______ increase Na and H2O reabsorption and decrease _______ reabsorption. Secretion is controlled by the rennin-angiotensin pathway and K level in the blood. Na and K are sisters. Aldosterone will increase ____ retention. High K will cause _____ failure. Low K will cause _____

Back 36

aldosterone
potassium
Na
renal
arrythmias

Front 37

Glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, promote ____ breakdown. Also promote glconesogenesis or glucose formation from other sources. Also liplysis. Help resist stress and ______ substances. Their secretion contolled by ACTH from anterior _____. The side effect of cortisol is _____ glucose.

Back 37

anit=inflammatory
pituitary
increased

Front 38

Androgens secreted by the adrenal cortex stimulate growth of axillary and ++++ hair aid the prepubertal growth spurt and contribute to libido.

Back 38

pubic

Front 39

Medullary secretions and _____ and NE which produce effects of similar to sympathetic responses. Fight flight or _____. Released during stress.

Back 39

epinephrine
fear

Front 40

Main effects of cortisol. Increases glucose and _____ bones. Moonface. Thinning of bones and get infections easily. Stroke.

Back 40

brittle

Front 41

Aldosterone controlled by K. Increased Na retention, but K level more important. If K increases Na retention, then Na increases BP and aldosterone _____ BP. Na and K sisters and aldosterone increases ++++ retention.

Back 41

increases
sodium

Front 42

Adrenal Medulla Increases HR, Increases ____, increases pulse, and increases respiration. Decreases digestion and decreases _____. Sympathetic nervous system

Back 42

BP
urine

Front 43

Alpha cells secrete glucagons. Beta cells secrete insulin. Delta cells secrete ______ or Growth _____ Hormone, and F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

Back 43

Somatostatin
Inhibiting

Front 44

The pancreas is posterior and slightly inferior to the _____

Back 44

stomach

Front 45

The adrenal gland hormones are aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, annd cortisol, a ++++++, and androgens.

Back 45

glucocorticoid

Front 46

The ovary hormones are ______, progesterone, and inhibin.

Back 46

estrogen

Front 47

The hypothalamus has 2 inhibiting hormones and all the rest ______. The inhibiting hormones are grwoth GIH and PIH or Prolactin.

Back 47

releasing

Front 48

The pancreas consists of pancreatic islets or islets of ++++++ and clusters of enzyme producing cells or _____. 4 types of cells in the endocrine portion are alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and ___ cells.

Back 48

Langerhans or endocrine cells
acini
F

Front 49

Alpha cells secrete _____. Beta cells secrete insulin. Delta cells secrete somatostatin or GIH and F cells secrete pancreatic ____

Back 49

polypeptides

Front 50

Glucagon increases blood ____and its secretion is stimulated by a low blood glucose level.

Back 50

glucose

Front 51

Insulin decreases blood glucose and its secretion is stimulated by a ____blood glucose level.

Back 51

high

Front 52

LH release of _____ by women or ____. LH also associated with secretion of _____ in males. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone GnRH in _____

Back 52

eggs
ovulation
testosterone
hypothalamus

Front 53

FSH and LH formation of eggs or _____. FSH and LH in ovaries and testes. FSH forms ____. Estrogen increases in pregancy. When estrogen increases in pregnancy, LH and FSH _____.

Back 53

follicles
sperms
decreases

Front 54

When estrogen decreases in menopause, LH and FSH ______

Back 54

increases

Front 55

The sex hormones govern the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics reproductive cycles, ++++, lactation, and normal reproductive functions.

Back 55

pregnancy

Front 56

The testes lie inside the scrotum and produce testosterone and ____. These sex hormones govern the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characterisitics and normal reproductive functions.

Back 56

inhibin

Front 57

The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the ____ ventricle.

Back 57

third

Front 58

The pineal gland consists of secretory cells called pinealocytes, _____, and scattered postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Back 58

neurologia

Front 59

The pineal gland secretes melatonin which contributes to setting the body biological clock (controlled in the _____ nucleus) During sleep, plasma levels of melatonin increase tenfold and then decline to a low level again before awakening. Melatonin decreases because of the ___

Back 59

suprachiasmatic
sun

Front 60

The thyroid gland releases several hormones related to +++++

Back 60

immunity

Front 61

Thymosin, thymic humoral factor or THF, thymic factor or TF, and thymopoietin promote maturation of ++++cells.

Back 61

T

Front 62

GRH from hypothalamus associated with associated with +++++ or GH.

Back 62

Somatotropin

Front 63

PRH from hypothalamus associated with Prolactin and _____

Back 63

lactotropes

Front 64

2 inhibiting hypothalamus homones GIH and

Back 64

PIH

Front 65

Releasing hormones Hypothalamus TRH, CRH, GnRH, GRH, and ____ or prolactin releasing hormone.

Back 65

PRH

Front 66

GRH from hypothalamus associated with associated with +++++ or GH.

Back 66

Somatotropin

Front 67

GRH from hypothalamus associated with associated with +++++ or GH.

Back 67

Somatotropin

Front 68

Endocrine cells of Pancreas____ of Langerhans. The acini enzymes are the exocrine cells.

Back 68

Islets

Front 69

PRH from hypothalamus associated with Prolactin and _____

Back 69

lactotropes

Front 70

PRH from hypothalamus associated with Prolactin and _____

Back 70

lactotropes

Front 71

2 inhibiting hypothalamus homones GIH and

Back 71

PIH

Front 72

2 inhibiting hypothalamus homones GIH and

Back 72

PIH

Front 73

Releasing hormones Hypothalamus TRH, CRH, GnRH, GRH, and ____ or prolactin releasing hormone.

Back 73

PRH

Front 74

Releasing hormones Hypothalamus TRH, CRH, GnRH, GRH, and ____ or prolactin releasing hormone.

Back 74

PRH

Front 75

Endocrine cells of Pancreas____ of Langerhans. The acini enzymes are the exocrine cells.

Back 75

Islets

Front 76

Endocrine cells of Pancreas____ of Langerhans. The acini enzymes are the exocrine cells.

Back 76

Islets

Front 77

The gastorintenstinal tract synthesizes several hormones including ____, glucose-dependant insulinotropic peptide GIP, secretin, and cholecystokinin CCK.

Back 77

Gastrin

Front 78

The placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin hGG, estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and human choronic _________. This is a pregnancy test.

Back 78

somatomammootropin

Front 79

The kidneys release erythopoietin and calcitriol, the active form of ______

Back 79

vitamen D

Front 80

Type I diabetes occurrs from a deficiency of _____ from the Beta cell.

Back 80

insulin

Front 81

If stress is extreme or unusual, it triggers a wide=ranging set of bodily changes called the _____ adaption syndrome. The stimuli that produce the general adaption syndrom are called _____

Back 81

general
stressors

Front 82

The alarm reaction is initiated by nerve impulses from the ++++++ to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and adrenal ____ NE released.

Back 82

hypothalamus
medulla

Front 83

Alarm responses are the immediate and brief fight or flight responses that increase _____, promote ATP production, and decrease nonessential activiites.

Back 83

circulation

Front 84

The resistance reaction is intitiated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, most importantly: CRH, TRH, and ______ or Somatotropin

Back 84

GRH

Front 85

Second hormone of stress is _____or gluconeosis the formation of glucose.

Back 85

cortisol

Front 86

First hormone of stress NE and ______

Back 86

epinephrine

Front 87

Resistance to stress reactions are long-term and accelerate breakdown reactions to provide ___for counteracting stress.

Back 87

ATP

Front 88

Resistance reaction is intiated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, most importantly, CRH, ____, and GHRH.

Back 88

TRH

Front 89

Second reaction to stress. Exhaustion results from depletion of body resources during the _____ stage.

Back 89

resistance

Front 90

An important link between stress and immunity is interleukin-1 produced by ______; It stimulates secretion of ______

Back 90

macrophages
ACTH

Front 91

Endocrine Disorders ______ Inadequate Hormone Release

Back 91

Hyposecretion

Front 92

Endocrine Disorders
Hypersecretion- excessive ___ secretion. Tumors or autoimmune disorders.

Back 92

hormone

Front 93

Pituitary Disorders
Acromegaly- hypersecretion of GH. Thickening of the bones and tissues. Giantism if oversecretion. Dwarfism if ____

Back 93

undersecretion

Front 94

Parathyroid Disorders: Hypoparathyroid- surgical excision during thyroid surgery. Fatal tetany 3-4 days. Hyperparathyroid- ____ in gland. Causes soft, fragile and deformed ______. Increases Ca in blood. ____ Calculi.

Back 94

Tumor
bones
Renal

Front 95

Thyroid Gland Disorders
Congenital Hypothyroidism Infant suffers abnormal bone development. Thickened ____ features, low termperature, lethargy and brain damage.

Back 95

facial

Front 96

Myxedema adult hypothyroidism Low ____ rate. Sluggish, sleepy, weight gain, constipation. Dry skin and hair. Cold sensitivity. Increased ____ and tissue swelling.

Back 96

metabolic
BP

Front 97

Endemic goiter enlarged thyroid gland. Iodine ____
NO TH, no feedback, Increased _____ Toxic goiter= Grave's Disease. Antibodies mimic ____. Increased TH. Exophthalamos

Back 97

deficiency
TSH
TSH

Front 98

Cushing Syndrome is an Adrenal Disorder. Excess cortical secretion causes hyperglycemia, +++++++, weakness, and edema. Muscle and bone loss occurrs with protein +++++Buffalo hump or moon face= fat deposition between shoulders or in face. AGS or Adrenogenital Syndrome accompanies Cushings. Causes englargement of external sexual organs in children. Masculinizing effects on women=deeper voice and beard growth.

Back 98

hypertension
catabolism

Front 99

Adrenal Disorders Addison's Disease. Can't produce enough _____ or sometimes aldosterone. Low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, irregular or absent menstruation, and craving for salt

Back 99

cortisol

Front 100

Diabetes Mellitus
polyuria, polydipsia, and _____
Osmotic diuresis blood glucose levels rise above transport maximum of kidney tubules, glucose remains in urine, Osmolarity ++++ and draws water into urine.

Back 100

ketonuria
increases

Front 101

Diabetes Type I IDDM Ten percent Some cases have autoimmune destruction of Beta cells diagnosed about age

Back 101

12

Front 102

Diabetes Type II NIDDM Insulin resistance. Failure if ____ cells to respond to insulin. 3 major risk factors: Age, obesity, and _____. Medications improve insulin secretion or target cell ______

Back 102

heredity
sensitivity

Front 103

Pathology of Diabetes
Acute Pathology: Cells that cannot ____glucose, rely on fats and proteins. Weight loss and weakness.

Back 103

absorb

Front 104

Pathology of Diabetes
Fat catabolism Increase FFA's in Blood and ketose bodies. Ketonuria promotes _____ diuresis , loss of sodium and potassium. Ketoacidosis occurrs as _____ decrease blood ph. If continued, causes dyspnea and eventually diabetic +++++.

Back 104

osmotic
ketones
coma

Front 105

Chronic pathology Diabetes
Chronic hyperglycyemia leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular _____ from atherosclerosis. Retina and ______ common to (type 1)
Heart failure type II. and gangrene.

Back 105

damage
kidneys

Front 106

Hyperinsulinism
From excess insulin or pancreatic islet tumor. Causes ______, weakness, and hunger. Triggers secretion of epinephrine, GH and glucagon. Side effects: anxiety, sweating, and increased HR.

Back 106

hypoglycemia

Front 107

Hyperinsulism
Insulin Shock
Uncorrected hyperinsulism with disorientation _______, or unconsciousness.

Back 107

convulsions