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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what two systems regulate and coordinate body funtions and maintain homeostasis?
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nervous system and endocrine
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what does endocrine literally mean
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secretes within
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what type of glands does the endocrine system consist of
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ductless
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what do the glands secrete
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hormones chemical messengers
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how do the glands secrete
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directly into the blood
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a hormone produces a specific effect in what type of cells?
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target cells
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what is a target cell
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a cell whose function is affected by a specific hormone
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what do all organs have
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target cells
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what do target cells do
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either secrete or inhibit
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what do target cells have in common for specific hormone
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specific receptor for that hormone
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where are target cells located
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plasma membranes or inside a cell
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what are the 2 types of hormones
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steroid and non steroid
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name 2 characteristics steroid hormones
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derived from cholesterol
have a lipid base |
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what are non steroids derived from
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amino acids
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what are peptide hormones?
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nonsteroids
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what is a difference in steroids and non steroids
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on is fat soluble (steroid)
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what is another difference in steroid and non
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where they bind, one binds outside of the plasma membrane with the receptor(non steroid)
and one binds with dna in nucleus |
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name 2 characteristics of hormones
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slow and small
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what are nonsteroids also called
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peptides
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how do target cells affect target cells 3 things
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alter their metabolic rate, change the rate of cell processes, promote or inhibit specific cellular process(atp)
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where do steroid hormones act on outsid eor inside the cell membrane
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act on dna in cell nucleus
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how are steroid hormones fat soluble
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they easily move through lipid bilayers of plasma membrane to enter nucleus
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what happens inside the nucleus when steroid enters
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combines with a receptor protein in nucleus to form a hormone receptor complex
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what happens after the hormone receptor complex interacts with dna
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it activates specific genes that synthesize with mrna
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after mrna is synthesized mrna _____which results in with result in the ______
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mrna exits the nucleus and interacts with ribosomes with result in the synthesis of specific proteins (enzymes)
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what is a characteristic of a non steroid hormone
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not fat soluble
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how many messengers are required to produce their effect on a target cell
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2
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what is the first messenger
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non steroidal hormone
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what is the second messenger
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cyclic adenosin monophophate cAMP
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WHAT IS cAMP
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CYCLIC ADENOSIN MONOPHOSPHATE
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cAMP also serves as what
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nucleotide, serves as intracellular and sometomes extracellular peptide or amino hormone
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where is the second messenger formed
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within the cell
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what does the second messenger do
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activates enzymes that produce the characteristic effect for the hormone
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what are the sequence of events for a nonsteroid
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it binds to a receptor on the targets cells plasma membrane. the binding of the horone and the receptor triggers the release of an enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP. cAMP activates other enzymes that produce the specific changes ina cell function.
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what are prostagladins
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neurotransmitters acetylcholine
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prostagladins are not
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true hormones
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what kind of hormones are prostgladin
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local or tissue, because of the local nature of their actions
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prostagladins are formed where
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formed by cells in nearly all organs except not secreted by endocrine glands
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what types of effects do prostagladins
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some produce effects that are opposite of others
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what do some prostagladins do
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promote inflammation with its accompanying pain and fever
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what are the last 4 things that prostagladins do
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inhibit digestive actions, constrict or dialate blood vessels, rpomote blood clotting, promote excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys
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how are endocrine glands activated 3 things
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another hormone,the production of a hormone action, and neural impulses
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how is a hormone secretion regulated
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negative feedback
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what is another name for the pituitary gland
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hypophysis- means below the brain
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what is hypothyroid
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Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormone. The main function of the thyroid gland is to regulate the body's metabolism;
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what is hyperthyroidism
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an overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroxine
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where is the pituitary gland located?
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sits on the sella turcica which protects it
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what is the pituitary gland attached to
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by a short stalk the hypothalamus
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what is the sella turcica
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in the depression of the sphenoid bone
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what are the two major parts of the pituitary gland
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anterior and posterior lobe
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how is the pituitary gland controlled
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by neurons and chemicals that originate in the hypothalamus
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what regulates the secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe by secreting and releasing hormones
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special neurons in the hypothalamus
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what are special neurons in the hypothalamus called also
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neurosecretory neurons
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how many hormones does the anterior lobe secrete
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6
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what do releasing hormones do
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stimulate or inhibit hormone action
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what is the primary hormone
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releasing hormones
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what is T4
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releasing hormone, each molecule contains 4 iodine atoms
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what is T3
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RELEASING HORMONE,each molecule contains 3 iodine atoms
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what do T3 AND T4 do? 3 things
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increase metabolic rate, promote protein synthesis, enhance neural function
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what do moderate levels of T3 AND T4 DO
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causes chronic fatigue
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what do low levels of T3 T4 do
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lead to impaired physical and mental growth and development
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what stimulates the secretion of T3 AND T4
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thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH |
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TSH comes from where
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the anterior lobe of the pituitary
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what is the TSH regulated by
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negative feedback control system
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what is the function of calcitonin
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the 3rd hormone produced by the thyroid gland
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what is the primary hormone
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releasing hormones
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what is T4
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releasing hormone, each molecule contains 4 iodine atoms
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what is T3
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RELEASING HORMONE,each molecule contains 3 iodine atoms
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what do T3 AND T4 do? 3 things
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increase metabolic rate, promote protein synthesis, enhance neural function
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what do moderate levels of T3 AND T4 DO
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causes chronic fatigue
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what do low levels of T3 T4 do
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lead to impaired physical and mental growth and development
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what stimulates the secretion of T3 AND T4
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thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH |
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TSH comes from where
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the anterior lobe of the pituitary
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what is the TSH regulated by
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negative feedback control system
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what is the function of calcitonin
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the 3rd hormone produced by the thyroid gland
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what is calcitonin, 2 things it does
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CT, lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bones, inhibits removal of calcium from bones
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where is the thyroid gland located
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just below the larynx
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what does the thyroid gland consist of
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2 lobes on each side of the trachea
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what is T4 AND T3 called
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thyroxine
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what are T4 T3
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2 other hormones secreted from the thyroid
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what do the T4 T3 control
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TSH from anterior pituitary
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what is the primary hormone in the thyroid gland
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thyroxine T3 T4
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exophthalmic goiter
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grave's disease, results from too much thyroxine
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what are some characteristics of graves disease
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huge neck, weight loss, bulging eyes
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what is myxedema
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severe thyroxine and T3 deficiency sluggishness weight gain weakness dry skin and puffy face
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how does calcitonin differ from T4 T3
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completely different functions
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what are parathyroid glands
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small glands located on the posterior of the thyroid
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how many parathyroid glands are there
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4: 2 glands located on eachlobe of the thyroid gland
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how many adrenal glands does the human body have
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2
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where are the adrenal glands located
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inner adrenal medulla , inner portion kidney
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outer adrenal cortex is located where
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outer portion of the kidney
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what 2 hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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what is the name of the nervous system that regulates the secretion of adrenal medullary hormones
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sympathetic nervous
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what are the 3 most important hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
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aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones.
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what is the pancreas
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elongated organ located posterior to the stomache
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how are exocrine functions performed?
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secrete digestive enzymes into ducts within the gland
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how are endocrine functions performed?
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by secretory cells that are arranged in clusters or clumps called islets of langerhans
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how is the posterior lobe controlled
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neural impulses
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what are neural impulses
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nerve stimulus
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give 3 names of hormones secreted by the anterior lobes
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growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic
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name 3 more hormones secreted by the anterior lobe?
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follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, prolactic
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what are the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe
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antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
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how are the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe
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by neurons that originate in the hypothalamus and extend into posterior pituitary, released into the blood within the posterior lobe and distributed throughout bode
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what stimulated the thyroid gland
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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what secretes thyroxine
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negative feedback
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what are the female gonads called
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ovaries
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what are the names of the two female sex hormones
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estrogen, progesterone
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what is the primary female horome
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estrogen
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what does estrogen do
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stimulates the development and maturation of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics
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how is progesterone secreted
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by empty follicle after the ovum has been released by ovulation
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what 2 things does progesterone do?
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helps prepare the uterus for receiving and embryo and maintains pregnancy, helps prepare milk in boobs
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what are the male gonads?
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testes
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where are the testes
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outside the pelvic cavity in the scrotum, they are paired
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what is the name of the male hormone
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testosterone
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what does 3 testosterone do
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stimulates development of male sex organs and secondary characteristics, also the male sex drive
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what 2 things does the pineal gland do
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secretes melantonin , inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH by pitutiary
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where is the pineal gland
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roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain
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where is the thymus gland
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located in thorax over heart
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what does the thymus do
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secretes thymosin
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what 2 things does progesterone do?
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helps prepare the uterus for receiving and embryo and maintains pregnancy, helps prepare milk in boobs
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what are the male gonads?
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testes
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where are the testes
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outside the pelvic cavity in the scrotum, they are paired
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what is the name of the male hormone
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testosterone
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what does 3 testosterone do
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stimulates development of male sex organs and secondary characteristics, also the male sex drive
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what 2 things does the pineal gland do
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secretes melantonin , inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH by pitutiary
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where is the pineal gland
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roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain
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where is the thymus gland
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located in thorax over heart
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what does the thymus do
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secretes thymosin
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