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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Targets
effectors
def: Endocrine System
the network of glands and tissues that secrete hormones
def: hormones
chemical messengers produced in one tissue, carried by the blood to act on other parts of the body
def: exocrine secretion
secretions that do not contain hormones and are released through ducts into a body compartment. ex: digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas
How do hormones first affect a cell?
They bind to a protein receptor on the target cell
characteristics of Peptide hormones
-large
-hydrophilic
-charged
-can't diffuse across plasma membrane
def: kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor such as ATP or ADP.
def: phosphorylate
To add a phosphate group to an organic molecule
What are some of the peptide hormones effects?
It turns on a protein kinase that phosphorylates certain proteins and changes their activity, or releases secondary messengers in the cell such as calcium or cyclic AMP that amplify the signal and alter many different cellular activities
def: signal transduction cascade
The form of indirect signaling shown in peptide hormones
How are peptide hormones made?
They're synthesized on the rough ER in the cell, then packaged and processed in the Golgi
What are characteristics of steroid hormones?
-small
-hydrophobic
-most are derived from cholesterol
-can dffuse into the cell through the plasma membrane
How does the steroid hormone affect a cell?
It diffuses through the cell membrane and binds to the steroid hormone receptors. THe hormone-bound receptors enter the nucleus and bind to target regions in genes that regulate transcription, turning the genes on or off.
What are some of the steroid hormone's effects?
They change gene transcription and protein expression
How are steroid hormones secreted?
They freely diffuse through membranes and are not stored after production. The rate of their production is regulated by controlling the activity of the enzymes that produce the hormones.
def: endocrine gland
ductless glands
secrete their chemical messengers directly into body fluids
neurosecretory cells
specialized nerve cells that secrete hormones
prostaglandins (PGs)
modified fatty acids, often derived from lipids to the plasma membbrane. Prostaglandins in semen stimulate contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the uterus, helping to convey sperm to egg.
Prostaglandins secreted by cells of the placenta cause chemical changes in nearby muscles of the uterus
Hep induce fever and inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain.
-anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin and ibuprofen result from the inhibitory effects of the drugs son prostaglandin synthesis.
PGE and PGF
have opposite effects on the smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels serving lungs.
PGE causes muscles to relas-promotes oxygenation of the blood.
PGF signals the muscles to contract, constricting the vessels and reducing blood flow throughout the lungs.
Signal-transduction pathway
a series of molecular changes that converts an extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response.
tropic hormones
hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets
islets of Langerhans
in pancreas: clusters of endocrine cells that secrete two major hormones directly into the circulatory sytem
alpha cells
secretes the peptide hormone glucagon
-in islet of Langerhan
beta cells
secretes the hormone insulin
-in islet of Langerhan
Type II diabetes mellitus
characterized by either a deficiency of insulin or a reduced responsiveness in target cells due to some change in insulin receptors
catecholamines
compounds synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine
ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine