Endocrine System

Front 1

Glucocorticoids

Back 1

help control bodies metabolism

Front 2

Mineralcorticoids

Back 2

involved in regulating the amount of water in the body

Front 3

Exocrine Glands

Back 3

-Skin Glands
-Mammary
-Salivary
-Pancrectic acini(cells dumping enzymes into GI tract)
-Gastric Glands

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Endocrine Glands

Back 4

-Thyroid and parathyroid
-Adrenal
-Pancreatic Islets
-Gonads(testis and ovaries)
-Pineal Gland
-Anterior Pituitary

Front 5

Intercellular Communication

Back 5

-direct(gap junctions)
-indirect:1)via paracrines or local hormones like prostalandins,histamines,local growth hormone
2)indirect vie endocrine agents or hormones
3)Indirect via synapses and neurotransmitters

Front 6

Target Cell

Back 6

-Targets recognition is due to the prescence of a receptor
-that is often but not always a surface protein that is part of the cells glycolyx

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Paracrine

Back 7

-local hormones that act on nearby cells
-do not commonly travel through the blood like circulating hormones(eg,IL-2 and NO)

Front 8

Autocrine

Back 8

-groups of local hormones that act on the same cells that secreted them
-could also be IL-2
-this is positive feedback

Front 9

Tropic Hormone

Back 9

hormone that targets another endocrine gland

Front 10

Examples of Tropic Hormones

Back 10

-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)
-Tropic Hormone
-Follicile Stimulating Hormone(FSH)acts on gonads
-Luteinizing Hormone(LH)acts on gonads
-Hypothalmic realeasing and Inhibiting Factors(Rfs and Ifs)

Front 11

Hormone at the target

Back 11

-free(active) hormone binds to the receptor initiates the target response through transcription
-this mechanism is used primarily for lipid soluble hormones
-Most water soluble hormones are transported in free form(same transport mechanism used for many drugs)

Front 12

Excess/Spent hormone

Back 12

-circulated to the liver for: biodegradation to excretable waste products-GI elimination in feces or waste product reenter the blood and the kidney secretes it into the urine

Front 13

Hormone Classification:Chemical Composition

Back 13

-Lipids which include: Steroids
Eicosanoids
-Amino Acid derivates
-Peptides

Front 14

Lipids Steroids(Lipid Soluble)

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-All derived from a singe precursor molecule cholesterol
-Are lipid soluble and diffuse directly into the cytoplasm
-Once inside the cell:They bind to cytoplasmic receptors and form a complex that can enter the nucleus
-Once Inside the nucleus:the complex can directly stimulate genes to activate transcription and make new proteins to alter cellular structure or function

Front 15

Examples of Steroids

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-Vitamin D
-Sex steroids:Estrogen,progesterone,testosterone
-Glucocorticoids-hormones of chronic stress(Coristol,Cortisone,Corticosterone)
-Mineralcorticoids-aldosterone

Front 16

Eicosanoids(Lipids)

Back 16

-derived form the 20-carbon fatty acid-arachidonic acid
-Include:
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes(like singulare)

Front 17

Leukotrienes

Back 17

-are local hormones which act as paracrines and autocrines mediating: inflammation,fever induction, pain

Front 18

Amino Acid Derivatives

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-all derived from amino acid precursor molecules including:
-tyrosine-a nonessential(body can make it) amino acid.
-Tryptophan-converted into Melotonin(which is secreted by the pineal gland)

Front 19

Examples of Tyrosine derivatives

Back 19

-Catecholamines(Dopamine,Epinephrine,norepinephrine)
-Thyrohormones including:
-T-3(Triiodo-thyronine(3 iodines)and T4 Tetraiodo-thyronine(Thyroxin 4 iodines)

Front 20

Pepetides(Small Peptides)

Back 20

-Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
-oxytocin
-Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

Front 21

Polypeptides

Back 21

-Insulin
-Glucagon
-Parathormone
-MSH
-Thymosin
-Melatonin
-HGH
-ACTH

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Glycoproteins(a sub category of peptides)

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-FSH
-LH
-TSH

Front 23

Humoral

Back 23

-Through changes in blood composition or concentrations
-increases in blood calcium-stimulates calcitonin
-decrease in blood glucose-stimulates glucagon
-an increase in blood glucose-stimulates insulin

Front 24

Neuronal

Back 24

-via sympathetic motor neurons as in epinephrine/adreniline release into the curculation,via fight or flight response to acute stress

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Hormonal

Back 25

-via tropic hormones
-ACTH stimulating production and secretion of glucocorticoids
also including:
TSH stimulating production and secretion of T3 and T4
FSH and LH stimulating production and secretion of sex steroids

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Central(CNS)Endocrine System

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Includes:
Pituitary Gland(hypophysis)
Hypothalamus
pineal gland

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Peripheral Endocrine System

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-Thyroid
-Thymus
-Adrenals(medulla and cortex)
-Pancreatic islets
-Gonads
-Parathyroid glands

Front 28

Direct Action

Back 28

Lipids
-inside they combined with cytosolic receptors
-hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus and stimulates the DNA directly
-initiates the process of transcription
-lead to translation
-start protein synthesis
-Steroids often work by this mechanism as do T3 and T4

Front 29

Indirect Action

Back 29

-Requires a surface receptor
-Once the hormone binds to the surface recpetor the process of signal transduction in initiated
-the hormone functions as the 1st messenger activating the G-protein molecule
-the G-Protein then activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase
-adenylate cyclase inturn converts ATP into cyclicAMP which is the 2nd messenger(known as signal transduction)
-The second messenger is often responsible for stimulating an intracellular enzyme system(kinase,proteins that open ion channels, activation) which leads to the target response

Front 30

Prolactin and Oxytocin(Synergism)

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-Prolactin promotes milk formation
-oxytocin makes the milk available
-both are essential for nursing

Front 31

Estrogen and progesterone(synergisim)

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-work together to prepare the uterus for pregnancy
-Estrogen restores the uterine endometrium in Proliferative Phase
-Progesterone makes it thick, spongy and promotes glycogen-rich secretions during the secretory phase

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Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

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-FSH promotes preliminary egg development
-LH completes development and stimulates ovulation

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Estrogen and Testosterone(Antagonism)

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-in gender determination
-Estrogen promotes female development
-testosterone promotes male development

Front 34

Insulin and Glucagon(Antagonism)

Back 34

-in blood glucose levels
-insulin lowers blood glucose
-glucagon raises it

Front 35

Parathormone(PTH) and Calcitonin(CT)(Regulation)

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-in blood calcium regulation
-parathormone increases serum calcium
-CT lowers serum levels

Front 36

Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypohysis

Back 36

-the true glandular portion of the pituitary

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Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis

Back 37

not an endocrine gland but part of the CNS

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Hypothalamus

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-contains 2 important endocrine nuclei that produce and secrete 2 important neurohormones
-Paraventricular nucleus-produced abd secretes oxytocin or pitocin
-Supraoptic nucleus-produces and secretes ADH

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Anterior Pituitary Histology

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Acidophilis
Basophils
Chromophobes

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Acidophils

Back 40

-acid loving, stain pink with acidic stains; produce and secrete:
-HGH
-Prolactin

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Basophils

Back 41

base loving, stain purpule with purple dye
-produce and secrete:
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
MSH

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Chromophobes

Back 42

Help produce and secrete ACTH fear color

Front 43

Pitocin(PIT) or oxytocin(OT)

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Targets:Smooth muscle of the:
-Uterus-myometrium
-Mammry's alveoli-its myoendotheilum
-Prostate and Vas Deferens

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Physiological Affects of Oxytocin

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-On mammry OT stimulates contraction of smooth muscle muscularis: to eject milk from the mammary in the Milk Let Down Reflex
-On the Uterus:initiates, sustains, and potentiates the rhythmic contractions of parturition(labor)
-OT has a slight antidiuretic affect

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Milk Let down Reflex

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OT stimulates decreased progesterone its antagonist

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Hyposecretion of OT

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-Retarded, prolonged, difficult labor
-nursing frustration- inability to experience milk let down

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Hypersecretion of OT

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-Rapid delivery
-increased risk of fetal distress syndrome leading to hypoxia causing deafness, blindness, retardation, cerebral palsy etc.

Front 48

ADH or Vasopressin

Back 48

-in large doses in constricts blood vessels
-produced and secreted by the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
-stored and released from the posterior pituitary

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targets for ADH

Back 49

-kidney tubules

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Physiological affects of ADH

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-Acts to promote increased facultative osmosis or reabsorbtion of electrlyte free water by stimulating production of aquaporin channel proteins in kidney tubule membranes to:
-decrease urine volume
-increase blood volume
-increase blood pressure

Front 51

ADH releas is stimulated by

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-any increase in serum osmolarity
-decrease blood volume
-decrease blood pressure
-increased pain
-cholinergics including ACh,morphine,nicotine
-increased chronic stress(makes you retain water)

Front 52

Action of ADH

Back 52

^in blood osmotic pressure hypothalamic osmoreceptors
-osmorecptors activate hypothalamic neurosecretory cells to realease ADH
-Neurosecretory cells release ADH into the bloodstream in the posterior pituitary

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ADH causes

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-Kidney water retention and low urine output
-decreased sweat production
-Arteriolar constriction
-Low blood osmotic pressure inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors
-osmoticreceptor inhibition reduces ADH secretion

Front 54

ADH is Inhibited by

Back 54

Ethyl Alcohol

Front 55

Hyposecretion of ADH

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-Polyuria increased urine volume
-HYpotension
-Lack of ADH diagnosed as Diabetes Insipudis with:gross polyuria
-Polydipsia-increased thirst

Front 56

Hyposecretion of ADH can be caused by

Back 56

-pathology or head trauma

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Hypersecretion of ADH

Back 57

- resultsin oliguria-urine output
-can be caused by a tumor or SIADH(syndrome of inappropriate ADH production and secretion)