Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
296 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream or in the extracellular fluid then diffuse into bloodstream.
|
Exocrine glands
|
|
|
What are examples of exocrine glands?
|
Pituitary glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, adrenal glands
|
|
|
Can endocrine glands not be glands but organs that secrete endocrine function?
|
Yes
|
|
|
The hypothalamus is a _________ organ.
|
Neuroendocrine organ (neural function and endocrine function)
|
|
|
Effect secretion of hormones downstream.
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
What is not an endocrine gland but has endocrine function that produce Leptin (metabolic effects)?
|
Adipose tissue
|
|
|
Secrete non-hormonal products to a membrane surface (body cavity, lumen of organ or body surface like the skin) through ducts.
|
Exocrine glands
|
|
|
What are examples of exocrine glands?
|
Salivary glands, mammary glands, chief cells in stomach, liver and pancreas
|
|
|
What organ has both an endocrine and exocrine glands?
|
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans secrete hormones and exocrine glands secrete enzymes important for digestion
|
|
|
T/F: Paracrines and Autocrines are part of the endocrine system.
|
False
|
|
|
Chemical messengers released into bloodstream or ECF (& then diffuse into bloodstream).
|
Hormones
|
|
|
Hormones have _______ effects.
|
Systemic effects
|
|
|
What have systemic effects and can rapidly circulate throughout the body and effect target cells all over?
|
Hormones
|
|
|
T/F: Hormones have localized effects.
|
False
|
|
|
Chemical messengers, exert effect on cells that secrete them.
|
Autocrines
|
|
|
Localized effect by only effecting cells that produce them.
|
Autocrine
|
|
|
What is an example of an autocrine?
|
Prostaglandins
|
|
|
Produced by smooth muscles and have effect on same smooth muscle.
|
Autocrines
|
|
|
Chemical messengers that exert effect on nearby cells.
|
Paracrines
|
|
|
Paracrines have a _________ effect.
|
Localized
|
|
|
What is an example of paracrines?
|
Symatoskatin
|
|
|
Released by pancreatic cells that have effect on insulin secretion on nearby cells.
|
Symatoskatin
|
|
|
What are the main controlling systems in the body?
|
Endocrine and Nervous System
|
|
|
The endocrine system releases _________ and the nervous system releases _________.
|
Hormones; neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Are neurotransmitters usually released into the blood stream?
|
No
|
|
|
Endocrine system has a _________ effect while neurotransmitter has a ________ effect.
|
Systemic; localized
|
|
|
T/F: Neurotransmitters release across a short synapse.
|
True
|
|
|
How long does it take for the endocrine system to have effects?
|
Take minutes or hours
|
|
|
How long does it take neurotransmitters to have effects?
|
Milliseconds
|
|
|
How long can endocrine effects last?
|
Can last for hours, days, years or continuous
|
|
|
How long can nervous system effects last?
|
Short lived and short term effects
|
|
|
What regulates long term ongoing metabolic function?
|
Endocrine system
|
|
|
What regulates short term muscle/gland activity?
|
Nervous system
|
|
|
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
|
Maintains the internal environment in the body (the optimum biochemical environment), influences metabolic activity, integrates and regulates growth and development, controls, maintains stimulates sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn
|
|
|
What maintains the internal environment in the body (the optimum biochemical environment)?
|
Endocrine system
|
|
|
What influences metabolic activities?
|
Endocrine system
|
|
|
The endocrine system integrates and regulates ________ & _________.
|
Growth and development
|
|
|
Does the endocrine system maintain and stimulate sexual reproduction?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What maintains, controls, and stimulates gamatogenesis, coitus fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn?
|
Endocrine system
|
|
|
What are the types of hormones?
|
Amino acid derivatives (amines), Peptide hormones, lipid derivatives
|
|
|
Constructed from the single amino acid tyrosine.
|
Amino acid derivatives (amines)
|
|
|
Amino acid derivatives are ______ soluble except thyroid hormone.
|
Water
|
|
|
Thyroid hormone is _______ soluble.
|
Lipid
|
|
|
What are examples of amino acid derivatives (amines)?
|
Thyroid hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
|
|
|
What is produced and secreted from adrenal medulla that sits on top of the kidneys?
|
E and NE
|
|
|
Hormone that consists of short or long chains of amino acids.
|
Peptide hormones
|
|
|
Peptide hormones are _______ soluble.
|
Water
|
|
|
The majority of hormones in the body are what kind?
|
Peptide hormones
|
|
|
What is examples of peptide hormones?
|
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, ADH, oxytocin, growth hormone, LH, FSH
|
|
|
TRH is secreted from the....
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
From posterior pituitary that have an effect on blood pressure regulation.
|
ADH
|
|
|
From posterior pituitary that helps in childbirth and milk let down reflex.
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
Growth hormone is secreted by ________ pituitary.
|
Anterior
|
|
|
Both from anterior pituitary that is involved in reproduction in male and females.
|
LH and FSH
|
|
|
Lipid soluble and derived from lipids.
|
Lipid derivatives
|
|
|
What are the types of lipid derivative hormones?
|
Steroid hormones, elcosanoids
|
|
|
________ hormones are constructed from cholesterol.
|
Steroid
|
|
|
What are examples of steroid hormones?
|
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone (from gonads), glucocorticoids (from adrenal cortex)
|
|
|
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone (from gonads), glucocorticoids (from adrenal cortex) are examples of what?
|
Steroid hormones
|
|
|
What hormones are made from fatty acids? Are they technically hormones?
|
Eicosanoids
|
|
|
What is an example of eicosanoid?
|
Prostaglandins (from cells throughout body - wide ranging effects)
|
|
|
____________ can raise blood pressure, stimulate myometrium to contract during childbirth, and blood clotting.
|
Eicosanoids
|
|
|
Cells whose activity is altered by the hormone.
|
Target cells
|
|
|
Does there have to be a receptor on plasma membrane or intercellular that can bind to hormone?
|
Ye
|
|
|
What does the activation of target cell depend on?
|
Blood levels of the hormone, relative number of receptors on target cells, affinity of those receptors for the hormone
|
|
|
Blood levels of hormone depend on...
|
Rate of synthesis/secretion, levels of binding plasma proteins (for lipid-soluble hormones), clearance rate
|
|
|
Can water soluble hormones diffuse through blood stream without proteins?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Does the blood levels of the hormone depend on rate of synthesis and secretion?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Level of binding plasma protein for lipid-soluble hormones help to determine blood levels of the hormone.
|
True
|
|
|
Level of binding plasma proteins effect how many _____ _____ hormones are in the blood stream.
|
Lipid soluble
|
|
|
A related term to clearance rate is...
|
Half life
|
|
|
Amount of time it takes for hormone to be degraded and eliminated from the body.
|
Clearance rate
|
|
|
Water soluble proteins have ______ clearance rate and a _______ half life.
|
Faster; shorter
|
|
|
Target cells form more receptors in response to increasing blood levels of hormone.
|
Up-regulation
|
|
|
Target cells lose receptors in response to high levels of hormone.
|
Down-regulation
|
|
|
Do we want down regulation to occur?
|
Yes because it desensitizes target cells to levels of hormones so it is not overreacting to persistent high levels of that hormone.
|
|
|
Strength of binding between hormone and receptor.
|
Affinity
|
|
|
______ the affinity for a given blood level of that hormone, the more pronounced the hormone will be.
|
Higher
|
|
|
How can hormones act on target cells?
|
Activate second messengers, activate genes
|
|
|
Molecules produced when hormone binds to a receptor.
|
Second messengers
|
|
|
Activation of second messengers involved regulatory _________.
|
G proteins
|
|
|
Proteins that are relaying signal from hormone when it binds to receptor and the production of those second messengers.
|
G-proteins
|
|
|
Amino acid derived and peptide hormones use what mechanism of hormone action?
|
Activate second messengers
|
|
|
What are examples of water soluble and hydrophillic hormones?
|
Amino-acid and peptide hormones
|
|
|
Typically water soluble hormones that are activating target cells using second messenger systems.
|
Amino acid and peptide hormones
|
|
|
In activation of second messengers, hormone binds to a ________ link receptor on the plasma membrane. Hormone binding activates the G-protein. G-protein binds to an enzyme, activating the enzyme to produce _____ _______ such as cAMP. Second messenger activates or inactivates enzymes in the cell - causes cellular response.
|
G-protein; second messenger
|
|
|
Can G protein inhibit enzymes so that fewer second messengers are produced?
|
Yes; inhibit = less; active = more)
|
|
|
Steroid and thyroid hormones activate target cells by activating ____.
|
Genes
|
|
|
What are lipid-soluble and hydrophobic hormones?
|
Steroid and thyroid hormones
|
|
|
In activating genes, hormones diffuse through ____ ____ of target cells. Bind to receptor in the _______ or in the nucleus. In the nucleus, the __________ binds to specific region of DNA. Either turns gene ___ or ___.
|
Plasma membrane; cytoplasm; hormone-receptor complex; on; off
|
|
|
If gene is turned ___, transcription and translation of region of DNA and result is a specific protein.
|
On
|
|
|
If gene is turned ___, transcription and translation so the protein will not be produced.
|
Off
|
|
|
Can hormones alter plasma membrane permeability to ion or molecule by opening or closing ion channels or if hormone results in production of more channels?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What is an example of altering plasma membrane permeability to ion or molecule by opening or closing ion channels or if hormone results in production of more channels?
|
E, NE
|
|
|
What opens Ca channels on the heart?
|
E and NE
|
|
|
Hormones produce cellular changes on target cells by increasing or decreasing the ________ of enzyme or proteins.
|
Rate of synthesis
|
|
|
Hormones produce changes to target cells by activating or deactivating _____.
|
Enzymes
|
|
|
______ activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen.
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
T/F: Hormones in target cells include inducing secretory activity.
|
True
|
|
|
Progesterone on cervical mucus production during secretory phase of uterine cycle that effects secretion of glands and other types of cells.
|
Inducing secretory activity
|
|
|
Hormones that cause cellular changes to target cells include stimulating ______.
|
Mitosis
|
|
|
What is an example of a hormone that stimulates mitosis?
|
Growth hormone on skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Hormones are synthesized and released in response to:
|
Humoral stimuli and neural stimuli and hormonal stimuli
|
|
|
A direct response to change in blood levels of a certain ion or nutrient.
|
Humoral stimuli
|
|
|
Low blood Ca causes secretion of parathyroid hormone, response is to increase this level uses _____ stimuli.
|
Humoral
|
|
|
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.
|
Neural stimuli
|
|
|
Sympathetic NS stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion from adrenal medulla uses _______ sitmuli.
|
Neural stimuli
|
|
|
Endocrine organ secrete hormones in response to hormones from another endocrine organ.
|
Hormonal stimuli
|
|
|
GnRH from hypothalamus -> ___ and ___ from anterior pituitary -> ______ from ovaries.
|
FSH and LH
|
|
|
Most hormone release is controlled by _______ feedback mechanism.
|
Negative
|
|
|
Target cells response inhibits further hormone release from same or another endocrine organ.
|
Negative feedback mechansim
|
|
|
What is the benefit of negative feedback?
|
It keeps blood levels of hormone within a narrow range
|
|
|
Do we want a lot of release of hormones?
|
No because it would decrease the possibility of desensitization of the hormone
|
|
|
What are the positive feedback hormones?
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
Where is the pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland?
|
Brain
|
|
|
Where is the thyroid gland?
|
Neck
|
|
|
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
|
Dorsal aspect of thyroid glands
|
|
|
What gland has an immune function?
|
Thymus
|
|
|
Where are the adrenal glands?
|
On top of the kidneys
|
|
|
What are the endocrine organs?
|
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary, testis
|
|
|
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by ___________ (stalk tissue).
|
Infundibulum
|
|
|
What is the pituitary gland also known as?
|
Hypophysis
|
|
|
What are the 2 lobes that make up the pituitary gland?
|
Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
|
|
|
What is the anterior pituitary composed of?
|
Glandular tissue
|
|
|
Produces/secretes many hormones in the pituitary.
|
Anterior pituitary
|
|
|
What is the posterior pituitary composed of?
|
Neural tissue
|
|
|
Stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus in the pituitary.
|
Posterior pituitary
|
|
|
Which lobe in the pituitary has a neural connection to the hypothalamus?
|
Posterior pituitary
|
|
|
Is there a direct neural connection to the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary?
|
No
|
|
|
No direct neural connection to hypothalamus but has a vascular connection called the hyopohyseal portal system.
|
Anterior pituitary
|
|
|
2 capillary beds in tandem, connected by veins due to glandular tissue.
|
Hypophyseal portal system
|
|
|
How many hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?
|
6 hormones
|
|
|
What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? And what all are they?
|
Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL-milk production), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), & growth hormone (GH); all protein
|
|
|
In anterior pituitary, secretion of regulatory hormones (releasing or inhibiting hormones from _________ _______. Regulatory hormone travel through _______ to anterior pituitary at the ______ capillary bed. Hormones from anterior pituitary are released into __________.
|
Hypothalamic neurons; hypophyseal portal system; first; capillaries (second capillaries)
|
|
|
When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the __________. Hypothalamic hormones travel through the _________ to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the __________.
|
Primary capillary plexus; portal veins; secondary capillary plexus
|
|
|
The ________ pituitary maintains neural connection with the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract.
|
Posterior
|
|
|
Nerve bundle extending from hypothalamus, through the infundibulum, to the posterior pituitary.
|
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
|
|
|
Largely composed of axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons (extend down from hypothalamus and end in posterior pituitary).
|
Posterior pituitary
|
|
|
How many hormones does the pituitary release?
|
2
|
|
|
Do the posterior pituitary produce hormones?
|
No
|
|
|
What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
|
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
|
|
|
In posterior pituitary, hypothalamic neurons synthesize _______ and ADH. They are transported along the _______ to the posterior pituitary. They are then stored in the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when _______ neurons fire.
|
Oxytocin; hypothalamic hypophyseal tract; hypothalamic
|
|
|
Stimulation of NE and E from adrenal medulla by stimulating the SNS is the hypothalamus ______ function.
|
Nervous
|
|
|
Produce and release hormones is the ______ function of the hypothalamus.
|
Endocrine
|
|
|
In posterior pituitary, hypothalamic neurons synthesize ______ and _____. They are then stored in _____ ______ within axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. They are then released in response to ______ from the hypothalamic neurons.
|
Oxytocin and ADH; posterior pituitary; action potentials
|
|
|
Stimulate production of aquaporins in collecting duct in nephrons that increase water reabsorption in the kidneys and increase blood pressure.
|
Antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
Stimulate myometrium contraction and milk let down reflex.
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
Help to regulate function of the gonads.
|
LH and FSH
|
|
|
Follicle growth, LH = ovulation, ovarian steroid hormone (progesterone and estrogen).
|
LH/FSH
|
|
|
Stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone release.
|
LH/FSH
|
|
|
Hormone involved in milk production (target tissue is mammary gland).
|
Prolactin
|
|
|
Do we know what hormone causes this release of prolactin?
|
No
|
|
|
What is the inhibiting hormone of prolactin?
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
Release is stimulated by this releasing that effects growth and metabolism.
|
Growth hormone
|
|
|
What hormone stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen and cause adipose tissue to mobilize fats?
|
Growth hormone
|
|
|
What hormone stimulates cells to take up amino acids for protein synthesis?
|
Growth hormone
|
|
|
Is there a growth inhibiting hormone?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Stimulated by thyrotrophic releasing hormone from hypothalamus.
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
|
What inhibits the thyroid stimulating hormone?
|
Growth hormone
|
|
|
Stimulates thyroid hormones form thyroid gland.
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
|
Growth and development depends on what two hormones working together?
|
Thyroid and growth hormone
|
|
|
Released stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone.
|
Adrenotropic hormone
|
|
|
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids).
|
Adrenotropic hormone
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of GH in children.
|
Gigantism
|
|
|
What does gigantism effect?
|
Epiphyseal plates in long bones
|
|
|
Results in excessive growth of long bones.
|
Gigantism
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of GH after epiphyseal plates closed (equivalent order in adults).
|
Acromegaly
|
|
|
What are symptoms of acromegaly?
|
Overgrowth of hands, feet, and face, long bones are not affected
|
|
|
What is acromegaly caused by?
|
Pituitary tumor (might require some radiation or surgery to remove tumor)
|
|
|
Are long bones affected in acromegaly?
|
No
|
|
|
Hyposecretion of GH.
|
Pituitary dwarfism
|
|
|
What is GH secreted by?
|
Anterior pituitary
|
|
|
Slows long bone growth and may coincide with deficiencies in other pituitary hormones and reproductive maturation.
|
Pituitary dwarfsim
|
|
|
What is treatment for pituitary dwarfism?
|
Supplements of growth hormone and if given prior t puberty can result in normal development
|
|
|
Where are thyroid glands located?
|
Located on the trachea, just inferior to larynx
|
|
|
What are inside thyroid glands?
|
Follicles and Parafollicular cells
|
|
|
What makes up follicles?
|
Follicular cells and Follicular cavity
|
|
|
Epithelial cells making up the walls of follicles, synthesize thryroglobulin and secrete into the cavity.
|
Follicular cells
|
|
|
What is necessary for thyroid hormone production?
|
Glycoprotein
|
|
|
Is thyroglobulin necessary for thyroid production?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Stores colloid.
|
Follicular cavity
|
|
|
Fluid with thyroglobulin & attached iodine atoms for TH synthesis.
|
Colloid
|
|
|
Lumen of follicle and precursor cells.
|
Follicular cavity
|
|
|
Parafollicular cells secrete...
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
Decreases blood Ca levels in animals, role not clear in humans (mammals, birds, reptiles).
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
Reducing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, reduces calcium absorption in _____ ______.
|
Small intestine
|
|
|
What is the body'a major metabolic hormones?
|
Thyroid hormones
|
|
|
Thyroid hormones affect almost every cell sin the body except...
|
Adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland
|
|
|
What are the 2 active forms of thyroid hormones?
|
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
|
|
|
Less potent form (does not have a great affinity for receptors and less active); have 4 iodine ions.
|
Thyroxine (T4)
|
|
|
Predominant TH secreted by thyroid gland most T4 is converted to T3 at the end of target tissue.
|
Thyroxine (T4)
|
|
|
More potent form that has 3 iodines ions and a small amount is produced by thyroid hormone.
|
Triiodothyronine (T3)
|
|
|
Is triiodothyronine produced less by the thyroid than thyroxine?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What are some of the effects of thyroid hormone?
|
Promote glucose catabolism to be used for ATP production, cause adipose tissue to mobilize fats, stimulates protein synthesis (similar in growth hormone - need both to work together for normal growth and maturation to occur).
|
|
|
Does thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate and body heat production?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Thyroid hormones increase _______ receptors in blood vessels which results in _______ of blood pressure.
|
Adrenergic; increase
|
|
|
What regulates tissue growth and development, including reproductive, muscular, skeletal growth, and development of NS?
|
Thyroid hormone
|
|
|
Thyroid hormone regulates development of what systems?
|
Reproductive, muscular, skeletal growth, NS
|
|
|
For thyroid hormones, follicular cells synthesize enzymes and _________, which are secreted into follicular cavity. ________ are transported into follicle cells and into the follicular cavity. Iodide ions then move into the follicular cavity and are oxidized to form ________. Enzymes add this to thyroglobulin to make __ & __. Enzymes link T1 and T2. _________ endocytosed back into follicular cell. Enzymes cleave to __ & __ from thyroglobuilin, hormones secreted into blood stream.
|
Thyroglobulin; iodide ions; iodine; T1 and T2; T3 and T4
|
|
|
T1 =
T2 = |
Monoiodotyrosine; diiodotyrosine (add 2 iodine atoms)
|
|
|
Where is iodine found?
|
Diet (salt)
|
|
|
T1+T2 yields
|
T3 (triiodothyronine) - not completed hormone
|
|
|
T2+T2 yields
|
T4 (thyroxine) - not completed hormone
|
|
|
Thyroglobuilin is synthesized by follicular cells and discharged into the follicle lumen. Iodine is trapped and actively imported into follicular cavity. Iodine is oxidized to iodine. Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming DIT and MIT. Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 and T4. Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed into follicular cells and combined with a lysozome. Lysozomal enzymes cleave to T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin colloid and hormones diffuse into blood stream in capillary.
|
Thyroid Production
|
|
|
Why would thyroid hormone be released?
|
Decreased thyroid hormone levels in blood and low body temperature
|
|
|
Order of thyroid secretion...
|
Thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH) -> hypothalamus -> thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary -> T3 and T4 from thyroid gland
|
|
|
T3 and T4 exert ________ feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to reduce or inhibit further release (used to maintain blood levels in a narrow range.
|
Negative
|
|
|
Overactive thyroid gland.
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
What is the cause of hyperthyroidism?
|
Grave's disease
|
|
|
Autoimmune disease, abnormal antibodies mimic TSH (constant release of thyroid hormone). Does not destroy but mimic.
|
Grave's disease
|
|
|
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
|
Increased BMR, heat production, sweating, muscle weakness, weight loss, hyper excitable reflexes and psychological disturbances, insomnia, irritability, restlessness, rapid/irregular heartbeat, bulging eyeballs due to fluid build up
|
|
|
How is hyperthyroidism treated?
|
Surgically remove thyroid gland (run risk of hypothroidsm) or consume radioactive iodine
|
|
|
Hyperexcitable refleces and psychological disturbances (insomnia, irritability, restlessness), rapid and irregular heartbeat, and bulging eyeballs are symptoms of...
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
What is hypothyroidism also known as?
|
Myxedema
|
|
|
Underactive thyroid gland.
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
What are causes of hypothyroidism?
|
Removal of thyroid gland, lack of iodine in diet, pregnancy, respiratory infection or virus
|
|
|
Feeling cold, low metabolic rate, slowed reflexes, slow speech, and thought process, slow heart rate and goiter are all symptoms of...
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
Enlarged thyroid gland and lack of iodine in diet.
|
Goiter
|
|
|
If goiter is due to insufficient iodine, follicular cells produce _______, but insufficient iodine to make T3 and T4. Pituitary increase ______ secretion because there is not a negative feedback signal so there is more usable colloid.
|
Colloid; TSH
|
|
|
Did hypothyroidism used to be common?
|
Yes before adding iodine to table salt
|
|
|
Treatment of hypothyroidism.
|
Iodine supplements and thyroid hormone replacement therapy
|
|
|
Located on posterior of thyroid gland.
|
Parathyroid glands
|
|
|
What does the parathyroid gland produce?
|
Parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
Important for regulating blood calcium levels in humans.
|
Parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
Stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts, increase Ca reabsorption in kidneys.
|
PTH
|
|
|
Involved in vitamin D metabolism.
|
PTH
|
|
|
____ stimulates kidneys to convert inactive vitamin D into active vitamin D3 (calcitriol) in kidneys.
|
PTH
|
|
|
T/F: Activated Vitamin D is needed for Ca absorption in intestines (small).
|
True
|
|
|
What is the stimulus for release for parathyroid hormones?
|
Low blood Ca levels
|
|
|
Endocrine glands that are small glands that sit on top of the kidney.
|
Adrenal glands
|
|
|
Important in stress response, and secrete some sex hormones.
|
Adrenal glands
|
|
|
What is the adrenal medulla composed of?
|
Neural tissue
|
|
|
Inner portion of adrenal glands that is part of the SNS.
|
Adrenal medulla
|
|
|
What makes up the adrenal glands?
|
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
|
|
|
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
|
E and NE that can function are hormones because they are secreted into the bloodstream
|
|
|
Outer portion of adrenal glands.
|
Adrenal cortex
|
|
|
What is the adrenal cortex made out of?
|
Glandular tissue
|
|
|
Secrete corticosteroids.
|
Adrenal cortex
|
|
|
What are the corticosteroids?
|
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Conadocorticoids
|
|
|
Regulate ion concentrations in extracellular fluid.
|
Mineralocorticoids
|
|
|
What are the types of mineralocorticoids?
|
Aldosterone
|
|
|
Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism that enhances Na reabsorption and effects extracellular; increase blood pressure by increasing blood volume.
|
Aldosterone
|
|
|
Are mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) steroids?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Involved in stress response and influence metabolism of most body cells.
|
Glucocorticoids
|
|
|
What is the main glucocorticoid in humans?
|
Cortisol
|
|
|
What corticosteroid affects almost all body cell types?
|
Glucocorticoids
|
|
|
Adrenal sex hormones but are relatively weak in comparison to sex hormones produced by gonads.
|
Gonadocorticoids
|
|
|
What is important for female sex drive?
|
DHEA
|
|
|
What are some stimuli for adrenal glands?
|
Physical, physiological, and psychological stressors
|
|
|
Does stress affect al the physiological systems in the body?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Stress enhances what essential systems for survival?
|
Cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system
|
|
|
Stress suppresses what non essential systems?
|
Reproductive system, immune system, digestive system
|
|
|
Stress causes activation of ______ nervous system.
|
Sympathetic
|
|
|
SNS secrete ________ from postganglionic neurons and triggers __________ to secrete E & NE via Ach.
|
NE; Adrenal medulla
|
|
|
E and NE _______ heart rate and blood pressure.
|
Increase
|
|
|
E and NE ___ blood flow to muscles.
|
Increase
|
|
|
________ respiration rate and bronchodilation are affected by E and NE.
|
Increaed
|
|
|
E and NE ______ digestion (effect motility and enzymes secreted) and urine production (lowering glomerular filtration rate).
|
Decrease
|
|
|
What does E and NE do?
|
Increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, bronchiodilation, and decrease digestion and urine production
|
|
|
HPA Axis: hypothalamus secretes _________. This causes anterior pituitary to secrete __________. ACTH causes adrenal cortex to secrete ____________ and _______.
|
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
|
|
|
What released corticotropin releasing hormone?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
What secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone?
|
Anterior pituitary
|
|
|
What secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
|
Adrenal cortex
|
|
|
Cortisol causes ______ immune function and ______ gluconeogenesis from liver.
|
Decrease; increase
|
|
|
Production of glucose from amino and fatty acids (fat & protein -> glucose).
|
Gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
What breaks down muscles, lipolysis in adipose tissue, decrease Ca++ absorption in intestines, and decrease HPG axis?
|
Cortisol
|
|
|
Does cortisol decrease HPG axis?
|
yes
|
|
|
Cortisol exerts ___ feedback to reduce ____ and ______.
|
Negative; CRH and ACTH
|
|
|
Aldosterone causes _____ reabsorption of Na and water -> ______ blood pressure.
|
Increase
|
|
|
What does aldosterone cause?
|
Increase reabsorption of Na+ and water and increased blood pressure
|
|
|
Hypercortisolism.
|
Cushing's Syndrome
|
|
|
What are causes of Cushing's Syndrome?
|
Adrenal tumor, Pituitary tumor, Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome - caused by cortisol therapy
|
|
|
What is caused by cortisol therapy?
|
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome
|
|
|
High plasma glucose levels, loss of protein in muscles, hypertension/edema, redistribution of fat to face, neck, and abdomen are symptoms of..
|
Cushing's syndrom
|
|
|
Hypocortisolim.
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
Hyposecretion of adrenal steroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids).
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
Low plasma glucose and Na+, high plasma K+, dehydration and hypotension are symptoms of...
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
What is taken to treat Addison's disease?
|
Corticosteroid
|
|
|
What are the effects of chronic stress?
|
Hypertension, infertility, reduction in disease resistance, insulin resistance
|
|
|
Does cortisol increase blood sugar level?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What is the pineal gland part of?
|
Epithalamus
|
|
|
Stimulus for pineal gland secretion is..
|
Light/dark
|
|
|
What is light and dark detected by?
|
Photoreceptors in the retina
|
|
|
Superchiasmatic nucleus in the _______ (help to regulate biological clock; has melatonin receptors) -> pineal gland to secrete melatonin if ____ outside.
|
Hypothalamus; dark
|
|
|
Does pineal secretion follow daily cycle?
|
Yes
|
|
|
When is secretion of pineal gland low? Highest?
|
Lowest during day (12) and highest at night
|
|
|
Paracrines and autocrines differ from hormones in that paracrines and autocrines________.
|
Have localized effects
|
|
|
Which of the following hormones would be expected to act on target cells through a second messenger mechanism?
|
Luetinizing hormone (LH)
|
|
|
Which of the following would not affect blood levels of a hormone?
|
Hormone receptor affinity
|
|
|
Which of the following would affect synthesis and secretion of a hormone?
|
Hormonal stimulation, neural stimulation, humoral stimulation
|
|
|
Which of the following stimulates the secretion of hormones from the posterior pituitary?
|
Stimulation of nerve fibers of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
|
|
|
Which hormone directly stimulates the secretion of mineralocorticoids?
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
|
|
|
Thyroglobulin is produced within ________.
|
Follicular cells
|
|
|
Which two hormones target the mammary glands and are released in response to the physical stimulation of a suckling infant?
|
Prolactin and oxytocin
|
|
|
Increased metabolic rate and body temperature, bulging eyeballs, and a rapid, irregular heartbeat are symptoms of which endocrine disorder?
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
In a seasonally reproducing animal, reproductive state (i.e. sexual maturation) is likely associated with the secretion of which hormone?
|
Melatonin
|
