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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two major types of glands exist in the body
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- endocrine
- exocrine |
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Exocrine glands
secrete substances into ??? |
ducts that open onto the body’s external or internal surfaces.
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sweat glands
endocrine or exocrine??? |
Exocrine
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mammary glands
endocrine or exocrine??? |
Exocrine
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salivary glands
endocrine or exocrine??? |
Exocrine
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lacrimal (tear)glands
endocrine or exocrine??? |
Exocrine
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secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream???
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endocrine
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endocrine secrete hormones into??
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the bloodstream
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pituitary
endocrine or exocrine??? |
endocrine
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thyroid
endocrine or exocrine??? |
endocrine
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parathyroid
endocrine or exocrine??? |
endocrine
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adrenal
endocrine or exocrine??? |
endocrine
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pineal
endocrine or exocrine??? |
endocrine
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the regulation of growth and maturation, metabolism, and reproduction it the function of ??? endocrine or exocrine system???
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endocrine
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which gland is divided into : anterior and posterior lobes??
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pituitary gland
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pituitary gland is divided into 2 lobes???
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anterior & posterior
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ???
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the growth and secretion of ovarian follicles in women and the production of sperm in men.
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ACTH stimulates
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adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids—such as cortisol—which are vital in metabolizing carbohydrates.
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TSH stimulates ???
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TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
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The hormone known as growth hormone (GH), human growth hormone (hGH), or somatotropin is produced by and released from the ????
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anterior pituitary.
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Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone secreted by the???
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by the anterior lobe of the pituitary
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Prolactin (PRL) stimulates???
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milk production in womenfollowing pregnancy
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Pituitary
Anterior lobe Hormone(s) Secreted??? |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH or hGH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) (females) Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)(males) Prolactin, lactogenic hormone (PRL) |
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Actions- Pituitary
Anterior lobe Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)??? |
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol;can stimulate melanocytes
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Actions- Pituitary
Anterior lobe Growth hormone (GH or hGH), somato-tropic hormone??? |
Controls bone and tissue growth and regulatesmetabolism
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Actions-Pituitary
Anterior lobe Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)??? |
Regulates thyroid hormone
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Actions- Pituitary
Anterior lobe Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH |
Stimulates growth and secretion of eggs inovaries (female) and sperm in testes (male)
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Actions- Pituitary
Anterior lobe Luteinizing hormone (LH) (females) |
Helps control ovulation and menstruation; important in sustaining pregnancy
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Actions- Pituitary
Anterior lobe Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)(males) |
Stimulates secretion of male hormones
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Actions- Pituitary
Anterior lobe Prolactin, lactogenic hormone (PRL) |
Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
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Actions- Pituitary
Posterior lobe Oxytocin |
Causes uterine contractions; stimulates milk production
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Actions- Pituitary
Posterior lobe Vasopressin (ADH) |
Raises blood pressure; promotes water reab-sorption in kidney tubules: influences uterus
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Which gland + hormone??
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol;can stimulate melanocytes |
Pituitary
Anterior lobe Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Which gland + hormone??
Controls bone and tissue growth and regulatesmetabolism |
Pituitary
Anterior lobe Growth hormone (GH or hGH), somato-tropic hormone |
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Which gland + hormone??
Regulates thyroid hormone |
Pituitary
Anterior lobe Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Which gland + hormone??
Stimulates growth and secretion of eggs inovaries (female) and sperm in testes (male) |
Pituitary
Anterior lobe Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Which gland + hormone??
Helps control ovulation and menstruation; important in sustaining pregnancy |
Pituitary
Anterior lobe Luteinizing hormone (LH) (females) |
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Which gland + hormone??
Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk |
Pituitary
Anterior lobe Prolactin, lactogenic hormone (PRL) |
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Which gland + hormone??
Causes uterine contractions; stimulates milk production |
Pituitary
posterior lobe Oxytocin |
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Which gland + hormone??
Raises blood pressure; promotes water reab-sorption in kidney tubules: influences uterus |
Pituitary
posterior lobe Vasopressin (ADH) |
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action- thyroid
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Regulates body metabolism (requires iodine)and growth and developmentStimulates calcium to leave plasma and allows itto enter bones
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action- thyroid
Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) |
Calcitonin (CT) speeds calcium absorption fromblood; promotes calcium deposit in bone; inhibitsosteoclasts, thereby promoting bone formationStimulates bone to release or reabsorb calciumand enter blood; regulates phosphorus balance;assists in reabsorption of magnesium
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action- parathyroid
Parathormone/Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
Promotes formation of calcitriol and assists inrelease of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorusinto blood
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action- Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline)Norepinephrine |
Mimic actions of the sympathetic nervoussystem, adapt to stress; cause many body pro-cesses to speed up, especially in an emergency
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action- Adrenal cortex
Corticosteroids/corticoids Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids |
Regulate electrolyte levels in extracellular fluidInfluence glucose, amino acid, and fat synthesisin metabolism; decrease inflammatory responses
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action- Adrenal cortex
Androgens (males) Estrogens and progestins (females) (progesterone is the primary progestin) |
Produce male sex characteristics
Produce female sex characteristics |
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action- Testes (male)
Testosterone |
Develops male sex characteristics (also influ-enced by androgens)
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action- Ovaries (female)
Estrogen and progestins |
Regulate female sex characteristics, functions,and menstruation
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action- Thymus
Thymosin (thymic hormone) |
Stimulates production of T cells for cellularimmunity
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action- Pineal
Melatonin |
Regulates sleep–wake cycles; may play a role ininfluencing reproductive processes
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action- Pancreas
Alpha cells (islets) Glucagon |
Speeds glycogenolysis; raises blood sugar
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action- Pancreas
Beta cells (islets) Insulin |
Enables cells to use glucose; lowers blood sugar
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action- Pancreas
Delta cells (islets) Somatostatin |
Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
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action- Pancreas
F cells (islets) Pancreatic polypeptide |
Inhibits secretion of somatostatin and pancreaticdigestive enzymes
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Oxytocin
stimulates ??? |
the uterus to contract during delivery and helps to keep it contracted after delivery (to prevent hem-orrhage). It also stimulates the release of milk from a newmother’s breasts.
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Vasopressin
or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions ??? |
stimulates contraction of blood vessels to raiseblood pressure; affects the uterus; and influences reabsorption(resorption) of water by the kidney tubules.
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the largest of the endocrine glands is...???
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The
thyroid gland |
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A gland that need iodine???
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thyroid gland
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If there is insufficient dietary intake of iodine, a disorder called ...???
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goiter
(an enlarged thyroid gland) may result. |
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what causes low levels of thyroid hormones in the body???
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Goiter occurs due to a lack of iodine in the body
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the thyroid secretes is called
calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin. It is involved in the ...??? |
in the maintenance of thebody’s calcium levels. When circulating calcium levels arehigh, calcitonin responds by promoting increased storage ofcalcium in bones and increased renal excretion of calcium,
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Common symptoms a healthcare provider could see in a client with decreased thyroid function are ???
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fatigue, weight gain, and complaintsof being cold. Goiter is often a later consequence ofinsufficient iodine.
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The parathyroids secrete a hormone, parathormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH), that regulates
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the amounts of calciumand phosphorus in the blood, which in turn affect nerve andmuscle irritability.
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A client with a deficiency of calcium will usually have muscle twitching and spasms,and possibly seizures. These signs are called
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tetany
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These hormones are active in emergencies; fright, anger, love, and grief stimulate them. They are said to prepare people for “fight or flight.”
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Adrenal Medulla
- epinephrine - norepinephrine |
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Mineralocorticoids
regulate ??? |
the amount of electrolytes inthe body.
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Clients taking glucocorticoids often experience ??
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lengthened healing times and mayhave a decreased response to infections due to the drug’santi-inflammatory response.
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Pancreas is an endocrine or an exocrine gland??
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It is both an endocrine and an exocrine
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Glucagon raises or lowers blood sugar???
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Glucagon raises blood sugar
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insulin raises or lowers blood sugar???
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insulin lowers blood sugar
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regulates the rate and quantity of hormone secretion.??
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Negative and Positive Feedback
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Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the ... exocrine glands secrete hormones into ...
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blood-stream;
ducts. |
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... is responsible for controlling the body’s rate of metabolism.
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The thyroid
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... regulate the amount of calcium and phos-phorus in the blood.
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The parathyroids
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... secretes hormones that mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
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The adrenal medulla
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... are active in emergencies or in stressful situations.
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Adrenal hormones
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... makes three types of steroid compounds from cholesterol: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.
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The adrenal cortex
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... secretes hormones that play a role in cellularimmunity.
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The thymus
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... the hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helpsregulate the sleep–wake cycle.
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Melatonin
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1.The parathyroid glands play a major role in regulating which substances?
a.Calcium and phosphorus b.Chloride and potassium c.Potassium and calcium d.Sodium and potassium |
a.Calcium and phosphorus
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2.Epinephrine and norepinephrine are associated with which action?
a.Renal release of glucose b.Blood vessel dilation c.Lowering of heart rate d.Elevation of blood pressure |
d.Elevation of blood pressure
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3.In order to produce adequate amounts of thyroxine and T3
,a person must have which of the following in the diet? a.Calcium b.Iodine c.Potassium d.Sodium |
b.Iodine
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4.The primary function of insulin is to:
a.Lower blood glucose levels b.Produce melanin c.Regulate the body’s metabolic rate d.Stimulate release of digestive enzymes |
a.Lower blood glucose levels
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5.Which hormones are involved in regulating menstruation in women?
a.Estrogen and testosterone b.Oxytocin and testosterone c.Progesterone and estrogen d.Vasopressin and LH |
c.Progesterone and estrogen
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Disturbances of the anterior lobe may cause overproduction of the growth hormone STH
desorder is called??? |
in child-hood, it causes excessive growth of bones, or
gigantism In adults, an excess of STH causes overgrowth of tissues, called acromegaly |
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The features of the person with acromegaly???
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coarsen. He or she develops a massive lower jaw, thick lips, abulbous nose, a bulging forehead, and hands and feet that seemenormous.
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The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
(SIADH) is... |
the excessive secretion of ADH.cannot excrete dilute urine. Fluid retention and ultimately water intoxication occur, along with sodium de
ficiency. |
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a disease that results from underpro-duction of ADH???
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Diabetes insipidus
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involves the overproduction of T4, which leads to an increase in metabolic rate???
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Hyperthyroidism
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2 most common type of hyperthyroidism are???
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Graves’ disease, exophthalmic
or goiter ,toxic diffuse, (enlargement of thethyroid gland) |
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Signs and Symptoms
highly excitable and overactive and may have tremors that make eating impossible without help. The pulse is rapid; the person may have heart palpitations and increased incidence of arrhythmias, which will cause damage if left un-treated. The systolic blood pressure is elevated. The person feels hot, and eats voraciously—yet loses weight—because he or she burns calories so rapidly. The skin takes on a character-istic salmon color. |
hyperthyroidism
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occurs when a deficiency of T4 slows down metabolic processes???
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Hypothyroidism
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Signs and Symptoms
arrested physical and mental development and dystrophy of bones and soft tissues The person is dwarfed and has a large head, short arms and legs, puffy eyes, and a protruding tongue. The person also has dry skin and movements that are uncoordinated |
Hypothyroidism
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myxedema is...???
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Advanced hypothyroidism in the adult
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Do not give sedatives, narcotics, and hypnotic drugs to the person with hypothyroidism or give them in very small doses.
RATIONALE: |
The client’s respiratory and heart rates are already slow;additional depressants could cause respiratory or cardiac arrest.
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affects women more commonly than men and may appear during pregnancy, adolescence, or infection. Except for its appearance, a ... ... usually has no harmful effects on health, unless it becomes so large that it interferes with swallowing or breathing
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simple goiter.
Usually, a dietary deficiency of iodine cause |
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an excess of PTH that causes blood calcium levels to rise, resulting in calcium depletion in bones (osteomalacia). Bones become soft and weak,leading to skeletal tenderness.
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Hyperparathyroidism
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deficiency of PTH with a consequent reduction in the amount of calcium available to the body and an accumulation of phosphorus in the blood.Lack of calcium causes tremors and tetany, the characteristic sign. Cardiac output decreases.
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Hypoparathyroidism
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results from over-production of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. It can also result from overuse of corticosteroids or tumors of the adrenal glands or the pituitary.
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Cushing’s syndrom
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Fat distribution is abnormal. The face is rounded (“moonface”), the abdomen is heavy and hangs down, and the armsand legs are thin.
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Cushing’s syndrom
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Destruction or degeneration of the adrenal cortex causes a condition called
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Addison’s disease
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The first symptom is usually a darkening of the skin and oral mucous membranes so that the skin looks bronzed. Dehydration, anemia, and weight loss are seen. Blood pressure drops.The hair thins.
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Addison’s disease
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Diabetes
Type 1 |
Type 1
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus juvenile diabetes |
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Diabetes
Type 2 |
Type 2
non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adult-onset diabetes |
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Signs and Symptoms
the three “polys”: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger). |
diabete
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The person may show a decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, called:
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insulin resistance
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The “R” after an insulin means that the insulin is
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“regular” or short-acting insulin
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The “N” after an insulin means that the insulin is
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NPH or intermediate-acting insulin
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The“L” after an insulin indicates
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a long-acting insulin
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insulin
uses the vial within ... days. |
30 days
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Four major mechanisms cause blood glucose levels to elevate in clients with type 2 diabetes.
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- Impaired insulin secretion
- Altered carbohydrate absorption - Increased basal hepatic glucose production - Decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake |
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Too much insulin in rela-tion to the amount of glucose reduces this level below normal.It causes a reaction called???
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hypoglycemia
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a person with diabetes has a blood sugar level of under 70 mg/dL the person is in.....
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hypoglycemia
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Signs and Symptoms
excess adrenaline, feels weak, cold, andsuddenly exhausted. followed by feelings of hunger and nervousness. trembles and perspires. may also experience headache, drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. |
hypoglycemia
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Diabete
........... can develop so rapidly that a client may be having seizures or may become unconscious before anyone knows what is wrong. |
hypoglycemia
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results from a lack of effectiveinsulin, causing ???
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hyperglycemia
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Signs and Symptoms.
Ketoacidosis develops over time. weakness, drowsiness, vomiting, thirst,abdominal pain, and dehydration. flushed cheeks and dry skin and mouth. The breath may have the sweetish odor, breathing and pulse may become rapid and deep and blood pressure low. |
hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Too much insulin (blood sugar too low); also caused bytoo little food or too much exercise |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Sudden (may occur in clients who use insulin or whoare taking oral hypoglycemics) |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Skipped meals, overdose of insulin, overexertion, vom-iting, excessive dieting |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Pale, moist, cool and clammy, sweating |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Shaky, nervous, irritable, trembling, confused, dis-oriented, strange actions, difficulty in problem-solving;later, unconsciousness (rarely, seizures); may first beevidenced by a personality change or drowsine |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Breath Normal odor |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Respiration Normal, rapid, and shallow |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Blood pressure increased |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Hunger Great hunger, often sudden in onse |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Thirst None |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Vomiting Absent |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Acetone in urine Absent |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Urination Small amount |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Blood sugar level below 60 |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Electrolytes usually within normal limits |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Blurred or double vision, dizziness, headache, sleepiness |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Treatment Glucose—stop exercising; take simple sugar (regularsoft drinks upset the stomach less than orange juice);glucagon for injection is available; 50% glucose; glucosetablets |
Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Too little insulin (a frequent occurrence during a sys-temic infection); ketosis results from upset in acid–basebalance |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Slow—several hours to days (more rapid in active child) |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia
Omitted dose of insulin, spoiled insulin, error in dosage,improperly mixed insulin, increased need for insulin dueto stress of illness, exposure, surgery, or improper diet;also, undiagnosed diabetes or not following diet plan(especially in active child or adolescent) |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Flushed, dry, hot, no sweatin |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Drowsy, lethargic, dizzy, weak; later, delirium and lossof consciousness; anorexia |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Fruity odor (acetone |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
respiration Air hunger (Kussmaul’s breathing), labored, slow |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
bp Decreased |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Anorexia, nausea—may have time of excessive hunger |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Great thirst |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Ringing in ears |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
blood sugar level over 140 |
Hyperglycemia
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Hypoglycemia /Hyperglycemia
Blood electrolytes and BUN elevated |
Hyperglycemia
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Three generalapproaches to slowing the progress of nephropathy
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blood pressure control, blood sugar control, and diet
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caused by micro-vascular changes can result in death from kidney failure. Kidney infections or albumin or blood in the urine, often the
first indications, must be dealt with immediately. |
Nephropathy.
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One of the leading causes of blindness in this country is diabetic ............., which is loss of the functionalretinal tissue in the eye due to microvascular damage.
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Retinopathy.
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signs + symptoms
-vasodilatation of the vessels in the heart,lungand striated muscle -vasoconstriction of vessel in skin and internal organ - increase in muscle contraction - contraction of the spleen - slowing of digestion function -tachycardia and hypertension - dyspnoea - increase in perspiration - increase in blood glucose |
stress response stage one
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stress response stage one
signs + symptoms |
signs + symptoms
-vasodilatation of the vessels in the heart,lungand striated muscle -vasoconstriction of vessel in skin and internal organ - increase in muscle contraction - contraction of the spleen - slowing of digestion function -tachycardia and hypertension - dyspnoea - increase in perspiration - increase in blood glucose |
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signs + symptoms
- water retention -decrease inflammatory response -increase protein degradation |
stress response stage 2
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stress response stage 2
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signs + symptoms
- water retention -decrease inflammatory response |
