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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Steroidal hormones |
Can cross the cell membrane easily and bind to a receptor in cell nucleus |
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Non-Steroidal hormones |
Cannot cross the membrane easily and bind to receptors on the membrane |
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Increase in size of muscles and bones, repair of tissue (anterior lobe) |
GH (growth hormone) |
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Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormone |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Females: priduction of estrogen,maturation of ova; males: sperm production (anterior lobe pituitary gland) |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Lysosomes |
Structures that are known to perform the digestive function of the cell |
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Lumbar puncture |
A needle is used to remove csf fluid from the subarachnoid space to be examimed |
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Membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord |
Meninges |
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Secretes thyroid hormones that increase energy production, stimulate protien synthesis, speeds up repair of damaged tissues |
Thyroid gland |
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Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts |
Calcitonin |
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Acts as an agonist to calcitonin, raises blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts |
Parathyroid hormones (PTH) |
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Posterior lobe of pituitary gland that stimulates the kidneys to conserve water; decreases urine output; maintains blood pressure |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Insulin |
Decreases blood sugar levels |
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Glucagon |
Increases blood sugar levels |
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Central portion of the adrenal glands that produces hormines with the same effects as the sympathetic nervous system: epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Adrenal medulla |
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Secretes two main hormones located in the adrenal glands |
Adrenal Cortex |
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Stimulates body to retain sodium also important in maintaining blood pressure |
Aldosterone |
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Released when stressed, decreases protien synthesis resulting in slow tissue repair and decreases inflammation |
Cortisol |
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Secretes digestive enzymes into a duct leading to the small intestine |
Exocrine glands |
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Secretes hormones into the bloodstream or surrounding tissues |
Endocrine glands |
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Secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms , may play a role in onset of puberty |
Pineal body |
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Enlargement of bones and thickened skin; caused by too much GH produced in adults |
Acromegaly
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Hypercortisolism; excessive production of ACTH |
Cushings Disease |
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Type 1 diabetes |
Usually develops in childhood |
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Type 2 diabetes |
Primarily in adults |
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Too much GH produced in childhood |
Gigantism |
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Hyperthyroidism caused when antibodies attack the thyroid gland |
Graves Disease |
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Eustachian tubes |
Equalizes pressure on the eardrum |
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Presbycusis |
Hearing loss due to the aging process |
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Basal cell carcinoma |
Most common skin cancer |
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Large intestine |
The proximal portion that absorbs water and electrolytes |
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T cells |
Most lymphocytes are t cells |
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What occurs in response to an injury? |
Inflammation |
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Type of tissue that is seperated by a matrix, most abundant tissue in the body |
Connective tissue |
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A progressive degenerative disease of the grey matter in the brain that causes dementia |
Alzheimer's |
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What vitamin is essential for blood clotting? |
K |
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What blood type is a universal donor? |
Type o |
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What blood type is a universal recipient? |
AB |
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Heart related chest pain? |
Angina |
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What seperates skelatal muscles and covers it? |
Fascia |
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What are responsible for destroying bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the blood? |
Neutrophils |
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What wbcs are effective in gettimg rid of parasitic infections and viruses? |
Eosinophils |
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What wbcs release substances like histamine and heparine? |
Basophils |
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What wbcs provide immunity for the body? |
Lymphocytes |
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What is the percentage of rbcs in a sample of blood known as? |
Hematocrit |
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What transports lipids and some fat-soulable vitamins in plasma? |
Globulins |
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What is the first reaction when a blood vessel is broken? |
Smooth muscle contracts |
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When blood clot forms on the side of a blood vesselwith no known injury |
Thrombus |
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If a part of a thrombus breaks off and starts moving through the blood stream |
Embolus |
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A condition in which abnormal heboglobin causes red blood cells to change to a sickle shape |
Sickle cell anemia |
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Inflammatory bowel disease typically effectiving the small intestine |
Chrons disease |
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Taste buds located at the tip of the tounge |
Sweet |
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Taste buds located at the sides of the tongue? |
Sour |
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Taste buds located at the tip and sides of the tongue? |
Salty |
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Taste buds located at the back of the tongue? |
Bitter |
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The ability of the lens to change shape |
Accommodation |
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Wedged shaped muscle that controls the shape of the lens |
Cillary body |
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Changes its shape to focus light onto the retina |
Lens |
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Musscle tissue that contracts to alter the size of the pupil (regulates the amount of light let into the eye) |
Iris |
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Contains the blood vessels of the eyes |
Choroid |
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What can be found in the anterior chamber or the eye |
Aqueous Humor |
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What can be found in the posterior chamber of the eye |
Vitreous humor |
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What produces mucus to keep the surface of the eye moist |
Cunjunctivas |
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Lateral edge of the eyeball that produces tears |
Lacrimal apparatus/ lacrimal glands |
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Responsible for most muscle movement |
Prime miver or agonist |
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Helps the prime mover by stablizing joints |
Synergists |
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Produces movements opposite to the prime mover |
Antagonist |
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Fairly common condition that causes chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons |
Fibromyalgia |
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Inherited disorder charectorized by muscle weakness and a loss of muscle tissue |
Muscular dystrophy |
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Rapid production of energy |
Creatine phosphate |
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What do cells make that is needed for repeating muscle contraction? |
ATP |
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What uses the bodys store of glucose |
Areobic respiration |
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What is a production from pyruvic acid |
Lactic acid |
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Skeletal muscles contract in respone to this neurotransmitter |
Acetylcholine |
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After contraction, muscles release this enzyme which breaks down acetylcholine and allows muscles to relax |
Acetylcholinesterase |
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Which skeletal division contains 80 bones |
Axial |
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Which skeletal division contains 126 bones |
Appendicular |
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Which vitamins are essential for bone growth |
Vitamin D and calcium |
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Fibrous joints in the skull |
Sutures |
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The first cervical vertebrae |
Atlas |
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The second cervical vertebrae |
Axis |
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What hold bones together or connects bones to bones |
Ligaments |
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A cordlike fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
Tendon |
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Relative consistency of the bodys internal environment |
Homeostasis |
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Simplest unit of matter |
Atom |
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Anything that takes up space or has weight |
Matter |
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The matrix of blood that does not contain fibers |
Plasma |
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Squeezing action of skeletal muscles results in what? |
Movement of lymph |
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Tissues that cover the body and most organs in the body |
Epithelial tissue |
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Special type of tissue that contracts and relaxes and consists of 3 types: skeletal, visceral, and cardiac |
Muscle tissue |
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Located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves and specializes in sending electrical impulses to neurons, muscles, and glands in the body |
Nervous tissue |
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The study of what matter is composed of and how matter changes |
Chemistry |
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The overall chemical functioning of the body |
Metabolism |
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Positively or negatively charged particles |
Ions |
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Body cells depend on these molecules to make energy |
Carbohydrates |
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These act as the structural materials for the building of solid body parts |
Proteins |
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A part of the cell responsible for protein synthesis |
Ribosomes |
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Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
Diffusion |
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Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane |
Osmosis |
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Cell membrane acts like a filter, pressure forces substances across a membrane |
Filtration |
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Substances cross the cell membrane with a carrier molecule from low to high |
Active transport |
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Most superficial layer of the skin |
Epidermis |
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Layer of skin that contaims all tissue types |
Dermis |
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The layer of skin composed of adipose and loose connective tissue |
Subcutaneous layer |
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Most numerous glands in the body and produce a watery sweat activated by heat |
Eccrine glands |
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A thivker type of sweat usually in the armpits or groin areas activated by nervousness or sweat |
Appocrine glands |
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Most common type of skin cancer that is slow progressing and rarely spreads to surrounding tissues |
Basil cell carcinoma |
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Weaking of the heart over time, heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the bodys needs |
CHF or congestive heart failure |
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How much percent of blood is plasma |
55% |
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These digest the pathogens in lymph |
Macrophages |
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When lymph is not pushed through a lymphatic vessel, it leaks back out of the lymphatic capillaries causing what condition? |
Edema |
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What organ is soft, bi-lobed and produces thymosin, which stimulates production of lymphocytes? |
Thymus |
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What is the largest lymphatic organ that filters blood and if removed the liver takes over? |
Spleen |
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Enzymes in the body fluids that provides barriers and destroys pathogens |
Chemical barrier |
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Skin and mucus membranes |
Mechanical barriers |
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Non-specific defenses to protect from pathogens in general |
Innate immunity |
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The process of destroying pathogens by cells surrounding and destroying unwanted debris in the body |
Phagocytosis |
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Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four cardinal signs of what? |
Inflammation |
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Foriegn substances in the body on the surfaces of pathogens |
Antigens |
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Foriegn substances too small to start an immune response |
Haptens |
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Protiens in the body that respond to specific antigens |
Antibodies |
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These work with antigens |
Compliments |
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Major wbcs involved in the bodys defense |
Lymphocytes and macrophages |
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An antibody found in secretions of the body like breast milk, sweat, tears, saliva, and mucus, preventing pathogens from entering the body |
IgA |
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Thought to control the activity of b cells |
IgD |
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An antibody that primarily recognizes bacteria, viruses, and toxins |
IgG |
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A large antibody that binds to food, bacteria, or incompatible blood cells |
IgM |
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An immunity developed by being naturally exposed to an antigen |
Naturally Aquired Active |
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An immunity developed by being injected with a pathogen |
Artificially Aquired Active |
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A person recieves this immunity from his mother |
Naturally Aquired Passive |
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A person recieves this immunity when injected with antibodies. Example: being bitten by a snake |
Artificially Aquired Passive |
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Cells that increase antibody formation, memory cell formation, b cell formation, and phagocytosis |
Helper T cells |
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A slow process in which memory cells are formed |
Primary immune response |
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A process that is quick and carried out by memory cells and usually prevents a person from developing a disease from an antigen |
Secondary immune response |
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Occur in response to an allergen and signs and symptoms are based on where exposure occurs |
Allergies |
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Antihistamines and decongestants |
Treatments for allergies |
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A disease in which the body attacks its own antigens |
Autoimmune |
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The opening between the vocal cords |
Glottis |
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Windpipe |
Trachea |
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Voicebox |
Larynx |
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The flap-like structure that closes off the larynx during swallowing |
Epiglottis |
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Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries also kbown as the working tissue |
Alveoli |
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Double walled Membrane surrounding the lungs |
Pleura |
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Keeps alveoli from collapsing |
Surfactant |
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Diring this mechanism of breathing, the diaphragm relaxes and air rich in co2 exists the lungs |
Expiration |
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Breathing rapidly and deeply in an atempt to decrease carbon dioxide levels in the blood |
Hyperventilation |
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The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible |
Vital capacity |
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The total amount of air that the lungs can hold |
Total lung capacity |
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A condition in which the tubes of the bronchial tree become obstructed due to inflammation |
Asthma |
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A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to the lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli |
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD |
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A chronic condition associated with smoking that damages the alveoli |
Emphysema |
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A collection of air in the chest around the lungs which may cause atelectasis |
Pneumothorax |
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A condition in which fluids fill spaces in the lungs making it very difficult for the lungs to oxygenate the blood |
Pulmonary edema |
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A viral respiratory disease that is very contagious and sometimes fatal |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS |
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Consists of the brain and spinal cord |
Central nervous system |
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Consists of the peripheral nerves which are located throughout the body |
Peripheral nervous system |
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A division of the peripheral nervous system that governs your bodys skeletal or voluntary muscles |
Somatic nervous system |
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A division of the peripheral nervous system that is in charge of your bodys automatic functions such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems |
Autonomic nervous system |
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Cells that do not transmit impulses but function as support cells for neurons |
Neuroglia |
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Functional cells of the nervous system that transmit nerve impulses |
Neurons |
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The portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is responsible for generating protiens and energy |
Cell body |
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Short and branch profusely near the cell body; recieve information for the Neuron |
Dendrites |
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Typically long and branch profusely after they have extended far away fron the cell body; recive information for the neuron |
Axons |
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Axons coated with mylelin sheath |
White matter |
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Axons not coated with myelin sheath |
Grey matter |
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Released to allow impulse transmission to post synaptic structures |
Neurotransmitters |
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Toughest and outermost layer of the meninges |
Dura mater |
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This contains CSF which cushions the CNS |
Subarachnoid Space |
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A predictable automatic response |
Reflex |
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Skin segment innervated by spinal nerve |
Dermatome |
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Are formed when the main portions of spinal nerves fuse together |
Plexuses |
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A division of the ANS that prepares organs for the fight or flight stressful emergency situations, releases norepinephrine |
Sympathetic division |
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A division of the ANS that prepares the body for resting and digesting by keeping the heart rate relatively low, releases aceytlcholine |
Parasympathetic division |
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Degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and brain; lou gehrigs disease; fatal |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
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Microscopic structures within the kidneys that filter blood, remove waste products and form urine |
Nephrons |
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Secreted by the kidneys to help regulate blood pressure |
Renin |
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Secreted from the kidneys to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbcs |
Erythropoietin |
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Outer most layer of the kidneys |
Renal cortex |
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Middle portion of the kidneys that divides into renal pyramids |
Renal medulla |
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A renal corpuscle is composed of a mass of capillaries which is known as?? |
Glomerulus |
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The proximal convulated tubule is directly attached to what? |
Bowmans Capsule |
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The first process in urine formation which the fluid part of blood is forced in the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule and is dependant on filtration pressure (largely determined by blood pressure) |
Glomerular Filtration |
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What two hormones increase water reabsorption, which decreases urine production |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Aldosterone |
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The 3rd process of urine formation in which substances move from blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules |
Tubular secretion |
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Waste products formed by the breakdown of protiens and nucleic acids, and their secretion helps maintain the bodys acid based balance |
Urea and uric acid |
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Sudden loss of kidney function; may be reversible with treatment |
Acute kidney (renal) failure |
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Kidneys slowly lose ability to function; not reversible |
Chronic kidney (renal) failure |
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Kidney stones |
Renal calculi |
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Sac like organs that secrete an alkaline seminal fluid that is rich in sugars and prostaglandins |
Seminal vesicles |
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Produces a milky alkaline fluid that enters the urethra just before ejaculation and helps to protect the sperm when they enter the acidic enviroment of the female vagina |
Prostate gland |
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Aka cowpers glands, that produce a mucus like fluid that lubricates tje penis in preparation for sexual intercourse |
Bulbourethral glands |
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Folds of the vagina |
Rugae |
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Rich in sensory nerves and contains in female erectile tissue |
Clitoris |
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Tissues of uterine lining grow outside of the uterus |
Endometriosis |
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More deadly than other types; detection is difficult and ofter spreads before detection |
Ovarian cancer |
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The time before offspring is born and zygote undergoes rapid mitosis |
Prenatal period |
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A period that extends from the second week of pregnancy to the end of the 8th week of development, most internal organs are formed |
Embryonic period |
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Begins at the end of the eighth week and ends at birth. Rapid fetus growth and reproductive organs are distinguishable. Digestive and respiratory systems develop |
Fetal period |
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Caused by a bacteria, most commonly reported, and often no symptoms in a female |
Chlamydia |
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When the mouth takes in food and reduces its size by chewing |
Mechanical digestion |
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When saliva (which contains amylase) breaks down carbohydrates |
Chemical digestion |
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What typically causes chronic renal failure |
Diabetes and hypertension |
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Most of the bodys nutrient absorption happens where |
Small intestine |
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Non-specific defense that activates cells to attack pathogens |
Fever |
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The innermost layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients |
Mucosa |
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Highly sensitive and can function in dim light; black whites and grey |
Rods |
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Water souluable vitamins |
B and c |
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Most common cause of anemia |
Iron deficiency |
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When skin is injured, inflammation follows. What is one effect of this response |
Carries defense cells to the area |
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Skin cancer that begins in the flat cells of the epidermis |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
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What is associated with eccrine sweat glands |
Produces a watery sweat |
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When is bp the greatest |
When the ventricles contract |
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Rbcs typically live for how long |
120 days or 4 months |
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What characteristic is associated with appocrine sweat glands |
Produces sweat with high amounts of protein |
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What is tje most likely result of agglutination? |
Severe anemia |
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How much blood does the average adult body contain |
4 to 6 lieters |
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What is the gallbladders only function |
To store bile |
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Fat soulable vitamins |
A, D,E,K |
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Chronic liver disease; normal tissue is replaced with non functional scar tissue |
Cirrhosis |
