• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/102

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
What systems control the Digestive System
Parasympathetic, Rest & Digest
Sympathetic Fight or Flight
fyi
What are the four layers of the Alimentary Canal in the digestive system?
Serosa or serous layer, outermost layer, tough connective tissue. makes serous fluid that allows for organs to slide around.
Muscular layer - two layers
longitudinal and circular
these were not highlighted:
submucosa layer. Huge amount of blood vessels and lymph vessels/nodes. Real living porion of intestine for ABSORPTION
Mucosa or mucous layer. Secretes mucous. slippery throughout tube from start to finish. Line of defense also.
What is the purpose of peristalsis in the alimentary canal?
To repel contents forward, alternates between circular and longitudinal muscles.
Organs of the digestive system. Mouth. What are the structures?
oral cavity, cheeks, lips, tongue, hard and soft palates, tonsils, teeth
What are the functions of the structures of the mouth?
to receive food
moisten food and prepare for further processing
small amount of digestion (starch-carbs.)
What is bolus?
Food mixed with saliva.
Salivary glands. there are three. parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. What is saliva made of?
Mostly water, serous fluid (water like)
mucous(stringy-stick together) amalyse, electrolytes, antibacterial components.
What is the function of salivary glands?
Cleanse your teeth.
dissolve food for taste
moistens food and compacts it for east of swallowing, creates a bolus
contains enzyme that begin the breakdown of complex sugar (carbs) into simple sugar (disaccharide)
What is the function of the pharynx?
Allows air, fluids and solids to pass through.
The esophagus sits behind the trachea/windpipe. What is its structure?
- it's a straight collapsible, muscular tube about 25 cm long.
- it pierces the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus to enter into the stomach.
- Cardiac sphincter aka gastro-esophagel sphincter which stops acid from coming back into the esophagus.
What is the function of the pharynx?
swallowing. Allows air, fluids and solids to pass through.
location of the stomach?
under the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
what is the structure of the stomach?
- j-shaped pouch-like organ. It has the capacity of approximately 1 liter. it can stretch.
- pyloric sphincter - stays closed until ready to puch the bolus through.
Function of the stomach?
- mechanical/chemical breakdown of food and protein digestion.
- temporary storage tank for food
Gastric Glands of the Stomach. What are the three cell types and their secretions?
- mucous cells: (the most) secrete mucous.
- parietal cells: secrete HCL (acid)
secrete intrinsic factor which is a protein released to alow intenstine to absorb vit. B12
- Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Inactive form of enzyme called pepsin. Once this mixed with HCL it becomes pepsin and it able to break down protein amino acid.
what gastric gland in the stomach is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
the Pancreas.
What is the function of the pancreas?
- release enzymes that break down all food substances, carbs, proteins and fats.
Where is the liver located?
-in the upper right and central portions of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
What is the function of the liver?
***-it makes and secretes bile.
-stores glucose
-modifies fat efficiency
-stores vitamins and iron
-forms plasma proteins
-helps excrete byproducts of RBC into bile
-detoxification and filters and pulls nutrients out
What is the function of the Gallbladder?
storing of bile, concentrates the bile and releases bile into the small intestine.
What is the structure of the small intestine?
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
the structure of the intestinal wall consists of?
it has finger-like projections called intestinal villi that house secretory cells that increase the surface area.
Where does 85% of digestion and absorption of food occur?
The small intestine.
Function of the large intestine?
- little or no digestive function.
- secretions: mucus only.
- reabsorption of water and electrolytes.
-formation, storage, and excretion of feces.
name the structure that normally prevents food in the stomach from backing up into the esophagus?
cardiac sphincter
name the structure that normally prevents food in the esophagus from entering the larynx and trachea?
epiglobis
name the three sections of the small intestines?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
the mouth.
Where does protein digestion begin?
the stomach.
name the cells of the stomach lining and their products?
mucous cells: secrete mucous.
parietal cells: secrete HCl (acid)
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen
Bile is made in the and stored in the ?
liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Food mixed with gastric juice?
Chyme
Propelling movements of the alimentary canal?
peristalsis
Increase surface area of small intestine?
villi
Part of the pharynx that carries food and air?
oropharynx
produces enzymes that digest all food types?
pancreas.
secrete HCL and Intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
Urinary Sysem.
Urine is formed by what three major actions?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion.
What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?
15 to 30 percent.
List the functions of the kidneys?
- filters wastes from the blood
-regulates fluid volume in the body.
- helps regulate electrolyte and pH concentrations
- helps regulate blood pressure
- helps regulate hematopoiesis (making blood cells, erythrocytes (RBC)
Where is the glomerulus located and what is its function?
in the kidney. Part of the renal corpuscle, the site of the highest amount of filtration, a specialized capillary ball of high pressure.
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
the nephron. There are approx. one million nephrons per kidney.
What is urine composed of
- mainly water.
- waste-urea, uric acid, creatinine, amonia
- electrolytes (sodium, potassium)
- vitamins (water soluable)
NOT NORMAL: blood (red color)
blood cells, protein (glucose)
minerals (Iron)
Lacation of the Urinary Bladder?
Behind the pubic sympisis- hollow muscular organ heavily lined with mucus membrane for protection. A muscle that stretches when fills with urine.
Function of the bladder?
Storage for urine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) What is its function as regards the urinary bladder?
prevents water loss. Tells the kidney not to filter out a lot of fluid. ADH is released when blood volume goes down. i.e., sweating. ADH kicks in.
Organs of the Male Reproductive System. What are the Male Primary Sex Organs?
The Testes. Are responsible for the production of sperm cells and the male sex hormones ...testosterone.
Male Internal Accessory Organs:
Name one?
The prostate gland. A chestnut shaped gland that surrounds the beginning of the urethra, just below the urinary bladder. Its ducts secrete a milk alkaline fluid that also helps to regulate the pH of the semen.
As a male ages the prostate gland enlarges and increases urinary frequency. page 380 Memmler
Male External Accessory Organs:
Name one?
The scrotum. A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that hangs from the lower abdominal region behind the penis. It contains two chambers, each one containing a testis. It keeps the testes slightly cooler than core body temperature.
note: sperm sensitive to heat.
What is semen made up of?
A combination of sperm, seminal fluid, and other male reproductive secretions.
Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions:
Male sex hormones (Androgens)
Name one and it's function?
Testosterone: its function is to -stimulate sperm cell production
- development of secondary sexual characteristics.
page 383 Memmler
Organs of the Female Reproductive system.
female Primary sex organs (gonads):
What and where are they located?
The ovaries are solid ovoid structures about 3.5 cm. long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick. Each ovary is located in a shallow depression in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity.

Page 384 Memmler
Female Internal Accessory Organs.
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian tubes.) There are muscular tubes about 10 cm long; each runs from a lateral opening near an ovary until joining with the uterus, medially. the lining cells of the tubes are ciliated. The tubes capture an ovulated egg and transport it toward the uterus by means of peristaltic contractions and the beating of the ciliated lining cells. FERTILIZATION NORMALLY TAKES PLACE WITHIN THE UTERINE TUBES.
Female Internal Accessory Organs: name the three layers to the uterus?
There are three layers to the uterus.
-Perimetrium (Outer Layer.)
- myometrium(smooth muscle) muscle layer
- endometrium(inner layer) changes shape. Controlled by hormones thicker and more vascular. Menstrual cycle.
Page 385 Memmler.
Hormonal Control of Female reproductive functions:
Hypothalmic and Anterior Pituitary Hormones. Gonadotropins. What are they?
GnRH - FSH (puberty and maturation of ovary and LH.(estrogen, progesterone) Hormones for reproduction.
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions:
Female Sex Hormones. What are they?
Estrogen. estradoil, estriol, estrone.
Progesterone
Review of chapter 10.
Urine is formed by what three major actions?
glomerural filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.
Approximately 45 gallons of filtrate is generated each day but only about 1 liter is excreted because of
tubular reabsorption.
What percent of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?
15 to 30%
Which of the following is normally found in urine?
WBCs
RBCs
Glucose
Water
Water
Fertilization usually takes place in the
Uterus
fallopian tube
eustachian tube
feeding tube
fallopian tube
Name the two major hormones that regulate the female reproductive cycle?
estrogen and progesterone
Functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
Branches off the Aorta?
(As relates to the kidneys)
Renal Arteries
Ovaries of the female?
Gonads
Layer of the uterus shed monthly?
endometrium.
Hormone from posterior pituitary?
as relates to the kidneys
ADH antidiuretic hormone
in studying for the kidneys the diagram on page 359 the male urinary system it is lacking a structure called hylum which is a notch where the renal artery, the renal vein, and the ureter connect with the kidney.
what is the hylum in the kidney?
The respiratory system consists of the organs that are located in the head and thoracic cavity. What is its function?
-to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
-clean and filter air.
-moisten air
-produces sound
- participates in smell
-regulates pH
What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
-Upper respiratory tract: Respiratory organs located above the thorax - from the larynx up.
-the lower respiratory tract: respiratory organs located within the thorax - from the trachea down.
Organs of the Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose and Nasal Cavity.
Nostrils, Internal Hairs, Nasal Septum, Nasal Conchae (3)
What are their functions?
-filter air
-warm air
-moisten air
Passageway for food, air and fluids?
Pharynx.
Inferior to pharynx, superior to trachea?
Larynx. Voice box. allows us to make noise.
Function of the larynx?
- passageway for air
- houses vocal cords
- also prevents foreign objects from entering trachea.
Page 308 Memmler
organs of the upper respiratory tract
What is the Epiglottis? located within the larynx
the little leaf shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing and keeps food and liquids out of the remainder of the respiratory tract. As the larynx moves up, the epiglottis moves downward covering the opening into the larynx.
the projection formed by the thyroid cartilage is commonly called the Adam's apple. page 308 Memmler
Organs of the Lower Respiratory System:
has C shaped cartilaginous rings, splits into Left and Right Bronchi
Trachea: Lies anterior to esophagus inferior to the larynx.
Bronchial Tree - branched airways leading from trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs. The structural divisions get smaller and smaller resulting in the alveoli (air sacs) Note: Alveolar Gas Exchange. Purpose?
Respiratory membrane: What the gases must pass through. thin single cell one layer/capillary layer for easy diffusion and exchange of gases.
Function of Lungs?
-Air exchange aka pulmonary ventilation.
Shape and location of Lungs?
How many lobes in right and left?
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs located within the thoracic cavity. The left and right lungs are separated by the heart and the mediastinum. They are enclosed by the diaphragm and the thoracic cage. Thee are two lobes in the left and three lobes in the right?
Breathing Mechanism. Breathing...what is it also know as?
Pulmonary Ventilation, is the movement of air from outside the body into and out of the bronchial tree and alveoli.
Breathing mechanism. Inspiration involves an active muscular process.
What muscle is involved in quiet/restful inspiration?
contraction of the diaphragm.
page 311 Memmler
what muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
-external intercostal
- pec minor
- SCM
- scalenes
- Erector Spinae
Breathing Mechanism
Expiration: Involves a passive process until forced expiration occurs.
Muscles involved in quiet/restful expiration?
- elastic recoil
- lung tissue stretches and springs back
- diaphragm puts pressure on abdominal contents
page 311 Memmler
Breathing Mechanism:
Forced Expiration: Muscles involved in forced expiration?
- internal intercostals
- abs
Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacities:
What is Tidal Volume?
The amount of air that enters and exits the lungs during quiet breathing approx 500 cc
i.e. tide comes in tide goes out.....relaxing
respiratory Air Volumes and Capacities:
What is Vital Capacity?
The total amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation approx 4,600 cc
forced lively!
Control of Breathing:
Factors affecting breathing.
what is the most important factor?
CO2 is them most important factor . central chemoreceptors in medulla detect rising co2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
Review of Respiratory System.
Which of the following is an upper respiratory condition.
Emphysema
sinusitis
bronchitis
laryngitis
Sinusitis and laryngitis
What is the function of the C shaped cartilage in the trachea?
to keep trachea from collapsing and to allow expansion of esophagus
Define Tidal Volume?
normal, relaxed inspiration and expiration?
Define Vital Capacity?
Maximum exhalation after a maximum inhalation.
name the primary muscle of inspiration?
diaphragm
At rest, what is responsible for expiration?
elastic recoil
name to muscles involved in forced expiration?
abdominals
internal intercostals
Name three muscles that pierce the diaphragm?
the inferior vena cava, diaphragm, aorta
Pulmonary ventilation (air exchange) is primary the function of the ....
lungs.
the right lung has lobes and the left lung has lobes?
The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes.
A passagway for food and air?
pharynx
The functional unit of gas exchange?
alveloi
Warms, moistens and filters the air we breath?
nasal cavity
Most important in controlling respiratory rate?
carbon dioxide
Located anterior to esophagus?
trachea