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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Human Endocrine System? |
Made up of glands that transmit chemical messengers through the body |
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What are hormones? |
Chemical messengers released in the blood that affects only one target cell |
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What is a gland? |
Organ made of cells that secrete |
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What are the 2 types of glands? |
- Exocrine glands - Endocrine glands |
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What is an exocrine gland? |
Secrete nonhormonal chemicals into ducts which transport chemicals to specific locations inside and outside the body. Eg sweat, mucous, salivary glands, pancreatic juice |
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What is an endocrine gland? |
Ductless glands located throughout body - secretes hormones into bloodstream. Eg Pancreas - insulin, glucagon |
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What are the 2 types of hormones? |
- Amino Based Hormones - Steroid Hormones |
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What is Amino Based hormones? |
Proteins, peptide, amino acids and other forms derived from amino acids. Eg Adrenaline |
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What is Steroid Hormones? |
Lipids body makes from cholesterol. Eg oestrogen, testosterone |
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What does the hypothalamus do with regards to endocrine system? |
Links the nervous system to the endocrine system |
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What does the Pituitary Gland do? |
Secretes hormones that affect other glands and organs |
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How many hormones does the anterior and posterior pituitary gland secrete? |
Anterior - 6 Posterior - 2 |
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What does the Pituitary gland secrete? |
2 amino acid based hormones: - Oxytocin: released when 40 weeks pregnant, which stimulates uterus to contract during childbirth and stimulates milk let down reflex - ADH: Anti-duiretic hormone which controls the amount of water absorbed into blood from kidneys |
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What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary gland secrete? |
- Growth hormone: controls skeletal and muscular growth - Prolactin: stimulates and sustains production of breast milk during lactation - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: controls release of thyroxine from thyroid - Adrenocorticotrophic hormone: controls adrenal cortex - Follicle Stimulating hormone: stimulates ovaries to produce eggs and testes to produce spermatogenesis - Lutenising hormone: controls secretion of testosterone and progesterone |
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Where is the Thyroid gland located? |
2 lobes located near lower part of larynx |
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What does the Thyroid gland secrete? |
When simulated by TSH, thyroid produces and releases thyroxine |
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What does Thyroxine do? |
Controls metabolism - rate of energy use Controls metabolism - rate of energy use |
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What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? |
- Weight loss - High blood pressure - High heart rate - High body temperature |
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What are examples of hyperthyroidism? |
- Goitre: swelling of thyroid - Exophthalmia: bulging eyeballs - Grave's disease |
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What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? |
- Growth redardation - Exhaustion - Weight gain - Low heart rate - Low body temp |
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What are examples of hypothyroidism? |
- Cretinism: form of mental retardation during fetal and childhood development - Myxodema: mental retardation on adults |
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Where are the adrenal glands located and what is their structure? |
One adrenal gland is located above each kidney. Each had an inner core - medulla - and outer layer - cortex. |
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What controls the adrenal medulla? |
Nervous system |
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What regulates adrenal cortex? |
Anterior Pituitary |
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What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
Adrenaline |
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What is the function of adrenal medulla? |
Orchestrates nervous system's reaction to stress: - Breathing increase - Pupils dilate - Heart beat increases - Peristalsis slows down - Liver converts more glucagon to glucose - Blood pressure increases - Muscles receive more blood |
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What does the adrenal cortex respond to? |
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
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What causes the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH? |
Stress |
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What does ACTH stimulate the adrenal cortex to make? |
Cortisol and Aldosterone |
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What does cortisol do? |
Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins |
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What does aldosterone do? |
Helps maintain salt-and-water balance in body by affecting kidneys |
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What is the hypersecretion of cortisol? |
Cushing's Syndrome |
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What is the hyposecretion of cortisol? |
Addison's disease |
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What do sex hormones do? |
Regulates body changes that start with puberty |
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What is puberty? |
Adolescent stage when sex organs mature and secondary sex characteristics appear |
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What occurs in females during puberty? |
Menstrual cycle begins, breadth grow and hips widen |
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What occurs in males during puberty? |
Sperm production begins, voice deepens, chest broadens, hair grows on body and face |
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What regulates female and male secondary sex characteristics? |
Female - Estrogen Male - Testosterone |
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What cells of the pancreas function together as endocrine gland? |
Islets of Langerhans |
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What does the Islet of Langerhans cells secrete? |
2 amino acid based hormones that regulate sugar levels in blood: - Insulin - Glucagon |
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What does insulin do? |
Lowers body sugar level by stimulating body cells to absorb glucose and store as glycogen in liver |
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What does glucagon do? |
Turns stored glycogen into glucose to release into bloodstream to raise glucose levels |
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What is an example of hyposecretion of insulin? |
Diabetes: - Type 1: childhood disorder, treated with daily injections of insulin or sometimes islet cell transplant - Type 2: usually happens over 40 yrs old, more common, herditary, controlled through exercise and diet |
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What is an example of hypersecretion of insulin? |
Hypoglemia: disorder where glucose is stored instead of being delivered to body cells |
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What is homeostasis? |
The maintainance of relatively constant internal environment by automatic control mechanisms |
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How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis? |
Negative feedback mechanisms |
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What is the process of negative feedback? |
When there is an increase from normal, a corrective mechanism will cause it to decrease and vice versa |
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What are the 3 example of negative feedback in endorcine system? |
- Regulation of thyroxine - Regulation of blood sugar levels - Regulation of estrogen and progesterone |
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What is an example of hypersecretion of growth hormone? |
- Giantism: children - Acromegaly: adults |
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What is an example of hyposecretion of growth hormone? |
Dwarfism |
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What are the differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system? |
- ES made of glands whereas NS made of nerves - ES produces hormones whereas NS produces nerve impulses - ES transports hormones through blood whereas NS transmit impulses along the nerves |
