Endocrine/reproductive/nervous

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Puberty

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a period of rapid growth & sexual maturation during which the system becomes funtional

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when does puberty begin ?

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When hypothalamus signal pituitary to increase levels of 2 hormones

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2 hormones released from hypothalamus

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FSH & LH

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function of male reproductive system

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produce and deliver sperm

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where do the testes develop

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testes develop within abdominal system

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Scrotum

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after birth testes go through canal into an external sac

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temperature in scrotum

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temperature is 2 or 3 degree lower important for sperm to develop

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sperm cell

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consists of head and midpiece which is packed with energy releasing mitochondria and tail

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where is sperm produced?

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seminiferous tubules after they move to epididymis

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epididymis

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sperm fully mature are stored

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vas deferens

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sperm moved into tube
merges with urethra the tube leads to outside body through penis

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seminal fluid

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glands lining the reproductive tract produce a nutrient-rich fluid

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semen

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combination of sperm and fluid

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primary reproduction organs (female)

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ovaries located in abdominal cavity

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main function of female system

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is to produce ova

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ova

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egg

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each ovary contains follicles

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clusters of cells surrounding single egg;
help an egg mature for release into the reproductive tract

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ovulation

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a follicle has completely matured egg is released

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fallopian tubes

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tube carries egg
egg is released into

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uterus

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fallopian tube leads to uterus and uterus accepts fertilized egg

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cervix

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outer end of uterus
through cervix is vagina

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during menstrual cycle

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egg develops & is released from ovary

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menstrual 4 phases

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follicular
ovulation
luteal
menstruation

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fertilization

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egg is surrounded by a protective layer that contains binding sites to which sperm attach

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what happens when sperm attaches to egg?

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releases powerful enzymes which break down protective layer of egg

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fertilization meaning

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when sperm attaches to egg

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zygote

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fertilized egg

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after sperm breaks egg layer

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sperm release chemical that coats egg .. and chemical is a barrier to block other sperm

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early development 3 stages

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implantation
gastrulation
neurulation

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implantation

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embryo attaches itself to wall of uterus

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gastrulation

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three cell layers are formed (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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neurulation

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nervous system is developed
in blastocyst(embryo)

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placenta

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connection between mother & developing embryo ;
respiration, nourishment, excretion

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8 weeks of development embryo called

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fetus

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glands

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release products into the bloodstream;
deliver messages throughout
body;
an organ that produce and release a substance-secretion

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hormones

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chemicals release in one part of body & travel through bloodstream and affect activities of cells in other parts of body

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target cells

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hormones bind to specific chemical receptors on cells

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Exocrine gland

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release secretions through tubelike structures -ducts
(directly to organ that uses)

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Endocrine gland

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glands that release secretions (hormones) directly to bloodstream

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Feedback Mechanism

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process which a stimulus produces a response that opposes original stimulus
; response to condition
(ex: home heating system);
pancreas is example

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how is the endocrine system regulated?

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by feedback mechanisms that functions to maintain homeostasis

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function of the nervous system

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controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds (internal and external)

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internal and external examples

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internal: blood pressure, pain in body
external: hot iron reaction

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stimulus

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anything that causes a response
(not thinking actions)

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impulses

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messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals

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3 types of neurons

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Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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Sensory neurons

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carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord and brian
[sense]ory-sense it hurts

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Motor Neurons

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carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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Interneuron

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connects sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses b/w them

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cell body

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largest part of neuron contain nucleus and sytoplasm

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dendrites

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short branched extensions carry impulses from environment or from other neurons toward cell body

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axon

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long fiber part;
carries impulses away from cell body

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axon ends in series of....

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terminals

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how do impulses begin?

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when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or environment (chain reaction)

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synapse

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locations where neuron transfers an impulse to another neuron

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vesticles

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tiny sacs in neuron filled with neurotransmitters

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neurotransmitters

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chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across synapse

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stimulants ... Increase or Decrease _____

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increase heart rate and blood pressure and breathing;
also increase neurotransmitters

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depressants

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slow down heart rate and breathing and lower blood pressure;
relaxes muscles relieves tension

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dopamine

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type of neurotransmitter when basic need of hunger and thirst is fulfilled

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what happens when the brain is tricked into releasing dopamine?

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when tricked dopamine gives of the feeling of relief and pleasure

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Cocaine

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cause the release of dopamine and gives off feeling of pleasure/relief.. addicted first time (heart attack at risk)

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Opiates

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normally help overcome pain...
when take more then a few doses its become addicting feeling of pleasure and security

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marijuana

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more harm to lungs
loss of memory
inability to concentrate

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alcohol

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slows down central nervous system; slows reflexes, disrupts coordination, and impairs judgment

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pancreas

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regulates blood sugar
(maintaining homeostasis)
insulin - lowers
glucagon- raises

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reflex

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quick automatic response to a stimulus

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peripheral

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all nerves that branch off brain to spinal cord
*sensory - sense organs to brain or spinal
*motor- from brain or spinal goes to muscle or gland

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Somatic

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conscious control over nerves
(running or grab) use of skeletal muscles

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Autonomic

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automatic -no control
regulation of heart beat

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thalamus

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receives messages from sense organs ;
it's where the messages are transfered to correct part of brain

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hypothalamus

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connection between nervous and endocrine system;thirst;moods

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Adrenal gland

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epinephrine
norepinephrine
regulate stress

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Thymus

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thymosin
produce white blood cells

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Parathyroid gland

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calcium

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Pituitary

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FSH and LH
and many more ..

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Hypothalamus

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hormones and connects with endocrine system

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pineal gland

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melatonin
sleep

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thyroid

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thyroxin
metabolism

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ovary

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estrogen and progesterone

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testes

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testosterone

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maintaining blood sugar

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when glucose is too high- pancreas releases insulin
when glucose too low- releases glucagon

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liver

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*when is glucose is high takes glucose out of blood and converts to glycogen
*when glucose is low breaks down glycogen into glucose
-adds to blood