Nervous System: Nervous Tissue

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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Includes the brain and the spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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Includes nerves and ganglia

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Ganglia

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Clusters of neuron cells bodies located along nerves

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Nerves

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Bundles of neuron processes (axons)

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Three functions of the nervous system

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• Collect information

• Process and evaluate information

• Initiate response to information

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Sensory Nervous System (Input)

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Responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmit it to the CNS.

Afferent: To bring to

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Receptors

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Structures that monitor changes in the internal and external environment.

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Action Potential Graph (Be able to label)

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Motor Nervous System (Output)

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Responsible for initiating and transmitting motor output from CNS to effectors. This system controls muscle tissues and glands.

Efferent: To bring out

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Somatic Sensory

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Sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (ex: ears, eyes, skin)

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Visceral Sensory

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Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels, and internal organs (ex: heart)

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Somatic Motor

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Motor Output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled effector is skeletal muscle.

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Autonomic Motor (Visceral Motor)

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Motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

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List five characteristics of a neuron

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• Excitability (responsiveness to stimuli)

• Conductivity (electrical change along the plasma membrane during action potential)

• Secretion (release neurotransmitters in response to conductive activity)

• Extreme Longevity (Most neurons can last from infancy to old age)

• Amitotic (the division of a cell nucleus into two parts by constriction without the involvement of a mitotic apparatus¬)

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Cell Body (Soma)

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Enclosed by plasma membrane and contains cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus. (Neuron control center)

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Chromatophilic Substance (Nissl Bodies)

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Free and bound ribosomes together

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Dendrites

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Transmit graded potentials toward the cell body. (they receive input and then transfer it to the cell body for processing)

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Axon (Nerve Fiber)

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A longer process emanating from the cell body to make contact with other neurons, muscle cells, or glad cells.

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Synaptic Vesicles

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Inside synaptic knobs. They contain neurotransmitters.

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Multipolar Neuron

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Most common type of neuron. They have many dendrites and a single axon that extends from the cell body.

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Bipolar Neuron

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Has two processes that extend from the cell body. One dendrite (one one side) and a single axon (other side).

Ex: retina of eye, olfactory epithelium in nose

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Unipolar Neuron

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Single short process that extends directly from cell and looks like a T. This is a result of two process into one long axon (Sensory nerves)

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Anaxonic Neuron

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Only dendrites not axon present (Interneurons of the CNS)

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Sensory Neurons

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Neurons of the sensory nervous system.

Most are unipolar, but a few like the retina of the eye are bipolar

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Motor Neurons

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Neurons of the motor nervous system, all are multipolar

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Interneurons

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Lie entirely in the CNS. The receive, process, and store information and then decide how the body will react to stimuli

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Epineurium

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This layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encases the entire nerve.

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Perineurium

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This layer of dense irregular connective tissue that wraps the fascicles

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Fascicles

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Bundle of Axons

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Endoneurium

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Delicate layer of areolar connective tissue that separates and electrically insulates each axon.

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Cranial Nerves

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Extend from the brain

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Spinal Nerves

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Extend from the spinal cord

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Sensory Nerves

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Contain sensory neurons that relay information to the CNS.

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Motor Nerves

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Contain motor neurons that relay information from the CNS.

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Mixed Nerves

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Contain both sensory and motor nerves. Most names nerves are mixed nerves.

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How a Glial Cells Differ from Neurons

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Out number neurons, they account for about half the volume of the nervous system. They do not transmit electrical signals.

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Glial Cells of CNS

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Astrocytes

Ependymel Cells

Microglia

Oligodendrocytes

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Glial Cells of PNS

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Satellite Cells

Nuerolemmocytes

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Satellite Cells

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Are flattened cells arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion that physically separate cell bodies from their surround interstitial fluid.

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Astrocytes (Role in Blood-Brian Barrier)

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Ends of astrocytes are covered in perivascular feet. The wrap around capillaries in the brain. Those two components together form the blood brain barrier.

Blocks toxins and allows in nutrients.

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Ependymal Cells

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Ciliated simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelial cells that line the internal cavities (ventricles of brain and spinal cord)

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Microglia-

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Smalls cells

smallest percent of CNS glial cells. They protect the CNS against microorganisms.

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Oligodendrocytes

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Large bulbous cells. wrap around and insulate axons within the CNS to form a myelin sheath.

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Nuerolemmocytes (Schwann Cellls)

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Elongated and flattened cells wrap around and insulate axons within the PNS to form a a myelin sheath.

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Myelin

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Composed of plasma membrane of glial cells and contains a large proportion of lipids and lesser amount of protiens.