Endocrine (Patho I) Test 1

Front 1

DEF OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Back 1

humoral system based on action of hormones which are secreted from the glands and will act far from their site of origin to control target organs

Front 2

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A HORMONE?

Back 2

to act as a chemical messenger to deliver signals to specific receptors- which react once hormone is attached.

Front 3

WHAT 3 THINGS DO HORMONES REGULATE?

Back 3

1) rate of chemical reactions
2) transport of substances through the membrane
3) cellular growth and secretion

Front 4

EXOCRINE HORMONES?

Back 4

act far from site of production and secretion

Front 5

WHAT ARE THE 3 LOCAL HORMONES?

Back 5

1) ACh
2) Secretin
3) cholecystokinin

Front 6

WHAT IS ACh?

Back 6

Local hormone (cholinergic), post synaptic membrane in NMJ

Front 7

WHAT IS SECRETIN?

Back 7

Secreted by the duodenal wall (stimulus is presence of chime - acids, partially digested proteins, fats) transported in blood to the pancreas

Front 8

WHAT IS CHOLECYSTOKININ?

Back 8

Released in small intestine and transported to the gallbladder to cause it to contract (eject bile) and also transported to the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

Front 9

WHAT ARE GENERAL HORMONES AND GIVE EXAMPLES

Back 9

General hormones affect all or most of the cells in the body. Examples are Growth Hormone, and Thyroid Hormone.

Front 10

WHAT DOES THE HYPOPHYSIS CONTROL?

Back 10

Every gland

Front 11

WHERE ARE ADH AND OXYTOCIN SECRETED AND PRODUCED?

Back 11

They are produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior hypophysis (neurohypophysis)

Front 12

WHAT IS THE POSTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS MADE OF?

Back 12

Basically nervous tissue (constant communication with the CNS) Connected by a neuro tract, stalk.

Front 13

WHAT DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASE?

Back 13

Releasing hormones which act on the anterior pituitary which stimulates it to secrete hormones (tropin hormones) that then go to target organs to stimulate the organs to release their specific hormones.

Front 14

WHAT ARE THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES?

Back 14

ACTH, STH, TSH, FSH, PRL, LH, MSH, LPH

Front 15

HOW IS THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS CONNECTED TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS?

Back 15

By a portal system that starts with venous capillaries and ends with venous capillaries. Called the hypophysis/ hypothalamic portal system.

Front 16

WHAT ARE THE DIRECT ACTING TROPIN HORMONES?

Back 16

GH, PROLACTIN, AND MSH

Front 17

WHAT ARE THE 3 GERMINAL LAYERS OF THE EMBRYO?

Back 17

1) endoderm- digestive system
2) mesoderm- muscles, cv system, then becomes mesenchyme then heart--> anterior hypophysis
3) ectoderm- skin and nervous system --> posterior hypophysis

Front 18

WHAT DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROL?

Back 18

All vegetative functions.

Front 19

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ADH AND WHERE IS IT RELEASED FROM?

Back 19

Reduces diuresis, increases reabsorption of water and decrease urine. Acts on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of the kidneys. Released from the neurohypophysis.

Front 20

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF OXYTOCIN?

Back 20

To increase duration, length, and strength of uterine contractions DURING labor.
Also helps the mammary glands secrete milk.

Front 21

WHAT DOES AN INCREASE IN OSMOLARITY MEAN?

Back 21

It means water volume is reduced and you need to increase water reabsorption. The hypothalamus notices this and tells the neurohypophysis to release ADH.

Front 22

WHEN ARE THE TROPIN HORMONES RELEASED?

Back 22

Released after stimulation from the Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.

Front 23

CRH

Back 23

Corticotropic Releasing Hormone. Stimulates ACTH. --> which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and cortisol.

Front 24

TRH

Back 24

Thyrotropin Releasing hormone. stimulates TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) that in turn goes to the thyroid--> and stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

Front 25

PIH

Back 25

Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone.
Decreases prolactin from the mammary glands.

Front 26

WHAT ARE THE 3 DIRECT HORMONES?

Back 26

Growth hormone, prolactin, and melanocyte stimulating hormone.

Front 27

MSH

Back 27

melanocyte stimulating hormone
will act on proliferation and growth and maturation of melanocytes in skin
increase secretion of melatonin

Front 28

GnRH

Back 28

gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
--> stimulates gonadotropin hormones FSH and LH --> which will cause the release of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and testosterone

Front 29

WHAT DOES ALDOSTERONE DO?

Back 29

Regulate the balance of fluids and electrolytes

Front 30

WHAT DOES CORTISOL DO?

Back 30

helps with metabolizing glucose, and depressing the immune, and inflammatory responses.

Front 31

GHRH , GHIH

Back 31

Growth hormone inhibitor and releasing hormone. Goes to bone or muscle. --> growth hormone 2nd function is the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats

Front 32

WHAT ARE THE 3 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS?

Back 32

Humoral, Neural, and hormonal

Front 33

WHAT IS THE HUMORAL FEEDBACK MECHANISM AND WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE?

Back 33

Decrease of Ca in the blood the parathyroid gland secretes PTH and increases osteoclast activity of the bones, increased absorption of Ca from the GI tract, and decreased excretion of Ca in the urine.

Front 34

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A NEURAL FEEDBACK MECHANISM?

Back 34

Nervous impulses,ex flight or fight, SNS fiber cell stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines

Front 35

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A HORMONAL FEEDBACK MECHANISM?

Back 35

1) Hypothalamus secretes hormones that 2) stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that 3) stimulate other exocrine glands to secrete hormones. EXAMPLES Thyroid, cortex adrenal medulla, gonad

Front 36

WHAT ARE THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE?

Back 36

the direct effects of GH are anti insulin
1) fat --> increased lipolysis
2) carb metab --> increased blood sugar

Front 37

ANOTHER NAME FOR GH

Back 37

somatotropin

Front 38

WHAT DOES GH DO?

Back 38

causes growth of almost all tissues of the body capable of growing and also increases the utilization of fat to obtain energy over carb and protein
******constantly secreted

Front 39

HOW IS THE RATE OF GH CONTROLLED?

Back 39

Levels of protein and glucose in the circulation

Front 40

ACUTE CONDITION WHAT IS MOST POTENT FOR STIMULATION OF GH

Back 40

hypoglycemia

Front 41

CHRONIC CONDITION WHAT IS THE MOST POTENT STIMULATION FOR GH SECRETION?

Back 41

decrease of protein in cells most important

Front 42

WHAT ALL INCREASES GH SECRETION?

Back 42

starvation, exercise, excitement, and trauma

Front 43

WHAT DOES THE MEDULLA DO?

Back 43

Receives direct NEURAL stimulation and secretes adrenergic neurotransmitters known as catecholamines (adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine))

Front 44

WHAT DOES THE MEDULLA mostly SECRETE?

Back 44

epinephrine

Front 45

WHAT IS MOSTLY IN THE CNS

Back 45

norepinephrine

Front 46

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CATECHOLAMINES?

Back 46

vasoconstriction and increase of HR. Blood glucose will rise

Front 47

WHAT DOES THE CORTEX DO?

Back 47

It has 3 layers and produces 3 types of hormones known as corticoids.
1) glucocorticoids
2) mineralcorticoids
3) androgens

Front 48

WHAT ARE GLUCOCORTICOIDS?

Back 48

metab and regulation of glucose. Natural glucocorticoid cortisol --> secreted after stimulation of ACTH --> increases release of glucose from cells
influences immune and inflammatory response as well

Front 49

WHAT DO MINERALCORTICOIDS DO?

Back 49

Secreted by the adrenal cortex. (Aldosterone) mostly through humeral mech b/c aldosterone responsible for the reabsorption of Na and water while it excretes K. ((ADH increases absorption of water only))

Front 50

WHAT DO ANDROGENS DO?

Back 50

Very similar to testosterone produced by both males and females in the cortex.

Front 51

WHAT DOES THE THYROID GLAND DO?

Back 51

Secretes thyroxine and regulates 100% of cellular metabolism. Increases the metab of fat, protein, and carbs. Increases heat production and body temp. Enhances effectiveness of growth hormone.

Front 52

WHAT DOES CALCITONIN DO?

Back 52

Secreted by the thyroid gland, reg. Ca by decrease serum <> by inhibiting osteoclasts, decrease release of Ca from bones and decrease absorption from GI tract. Does not do as much as the parathyroid glands.

Front 53

THYROID HORMONE

Back 53

hormonal mechanism

Front 54

CALCITONIN

Back 54

humoral mechanism

Front 55

WHAT ARE THE GONADS INVOLVED IN IN FEMALES

Back 55

ovulation

Front 56

WHAT DOES ESTROGEN DO?

Back 56

hormone of preparation, proliferation cycle, and female appearance.

Front 57

WHAT DOES PROGESTERONE DO?

Back 57

hormone of pregnancy

Front 58

WHAT DOES THE PLACENTA DO?

Back 58

Early in pregnancy secretes HCG. Later estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

Front 59

WHAT IS THE PANCREAS AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

Back 59

A dual gland with the exocrine portion produces all digestive enzymes for carbs, proteins, and fats.
Endocrine portion is Islets of Langherhans. Alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin.

Front 60

WHAT IS GLUCAGON?

Back 60

lipolytic, breaks down the liver glycogen --> increases glycogenolysis and also gluconeogenesis
***also activates adipose cell lipase to increase the number of fatty acids avail. and inhibits storage of triglycerides in the liver

Front 61

WHAT DOES INSULIN DO?

Back 61

It is secreted when there is an energy surplus. Stores extra food as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle.
**When there is excess carbs that can't be stored as glycogen it is transformed to fat and stored in adipose tissue.
Mainly increases the cells permeability to glucose.
(lipogenic) increases cholesterol
-inhibits gluconeogenesis
--in the case of protein it promotes uptake of amino acids by the cells, their conversion to protein also inhibits the breakdown of protein into a.a.

Front 62

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE MUSCLES WHEN THERE IS MODERATE EXERCISE?

Back 62

the muscle cells don't need insulin to use large amounts of glucose.
This is why docs tell diabetics to exercise so they will use up more glucose without having to take more insulin.