Endocrine Organs

Front 1

"master gland"; located within sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Back 1

Pituitary (hypophysis)

Front 2

Derived from oral ectoderm

Back 2

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Front 3

Derived from neural tissue of diencephalon

Back 3

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Front 4

cranial part of adenohypophysis;

surrounds infundibular (neural) stalk;

secretes FSH/LH

Back 4

pars tuberalis

Front 5

part of adenohypophysis containing basophilic cells;

secretes MSH;

cells arranged in loops, cords and follicles

Back 5

pars intermedia

Front 6

part of adenohypophysis made of secretory cells arranged in cords;

2 cell types: chromophils and chromophobes

Back 6

pars distalis

Front 7

2 types of chromophils

Back 7

1) acidophils (somatotropic, mammotropic)

2) basophils (gonadotropic, corticotropic, thyrotropic)

Front 8

part of neurohypophysis that connects to hypothalamus

Back 8

infundibular (neural) stalk

Front 9

part of neurohypophysis that contains NO secretory epithelial cells;

ADH/oxytocin (neuropeptide) secretions gather at ends of axons as neurosecretory bodies, released via fenestrated capillaries

Back 9

pars nervosa

Front 10

glial cells of the neurohypophysis

most numerous cell in this gland

Back 10

pituicytes

Front 11

gland that is superior to kidney

Back 11

adrenal gland

Front 12

part of adrenal cortex made of columnar cells in arched cords around capillaries

Back 12

zona glomerulosa

Front 13

part of adrenal cortex made of cords of polyhedral cells perpindicular to surface with high lipid content and CVS supply

Back 13

zona fasciculata

Front 14

part of adrenal cortex made of irregular cords of cells with reticular fibers and lots of pigmented granules

Back 14

zona reticularis

Front 15

region of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, stores hormones

Back 15

adrenal medulla

Front 16

secreted by zona glomerulosa

Back 16

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Front 17

secreted by zona fasciculata

Back 17

glucocorticoids (cortisol), weak androgens

Front 18

secreted by zona reticularis

Back 18

some androgens (testosterone precursor)

Front 19

endocrine portion of pancreas;

clusters of endocrine cells embedded within exocrine acini;

surrounded by rich CVS supply and reticular fibers

Back 19

pancreatic islets

Front 20

acidophilic islet cells that secrete glucagon in order to increase blood glucose via gluconeogenesis and other means, affecting many tissues

Back 20

alpha cells

Front 21

basophilic islet cells that secrete insulin in order to decrease blood glucose via uptake by body cells

Back 21

beta cells

Front 22

islet cells that secrete somatostatin and inhibit the activity of alpha and beta cells

Back 22

delta cells

Front 23

islet cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Back 23

gamma cells

Front 24

controls metabolism (BMR, O2 consumption, growth)

Back 24

thyroid

Front 25

house colloid material;

store T3/T4

Back 25

thyroid follicles

Front 26

hypoactive cells of thyroid follicles;

low TSH

Back 26

simple squamous epithelium

Front 27

active cells of thyroid follicles; normal TSH

Back 27

simple cuboidal

Front 28

hyperactive thyroid follicular cells; high TSH

Back 28

simple columnar

Front 29

secrete calcitonin, inhibiting osteoclast activity

Back 29

parafollicular cells (thyroid)

Front 30

4 small glands on posterior surface of thyroid;

separated by connective tissue capsules

Back 30

parathyroid gland

Front 31

pale, acidophilic parathyroid cells;

secrete PTH

most numerous

Back 31

principal (chief) cells

Front 32

large acidophilic parathyroid cells with abnormal mitochondria

Back 32

oxyphil cells

Front 33

PTH functions

Back 33

1) increase blood calcium levels via osteoclast activation

2) decreased blood phosphate levels via excretion in urine

3) stimulate vitamin D synthesis and absorption of calcium in the GI tract