Endocrine Organs

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pure endocrine organs

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Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal
glands

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organs containing endocrine cells

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pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus

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basic hormone action

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circulate througout the body in b.v., influence only specific tissues = target cells

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classes of hormones

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amino acid based, steroids

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3 types of stimuli

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hormonal, neural, humoral

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humoral

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simplest of endocrine control mechanisms, secretion in direct response to changing ion or nutrient levels in the blood

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humoral

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simplest of endocrine control mechanisms, secretion in direct response to changing ion or nutrient levels in the blood

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neural

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sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in adrenal medulla, induces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

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hormonal

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stimuli received from other glands, certain hormones signal secretion of other hormones (tropic)

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control of hormone secretion

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always controlled by feedback loops, blood concentration min and max

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adenohypophysis

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somatotropic cells, mammotropic cells, thyrotropic cells, corticotropic cells, gonadotropic cells

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pars distalis

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the largest division of the adenohypophysis

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somatotropic cells

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secrete growth hormone (GH)

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mammotropic cells

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secrete prolactin (PRL)

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thyrotropic cells

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secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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corticotropic cells

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secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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gonadotropic cells

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secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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tropic hormones

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TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH - from pars distalis - regulate the secretion of other hormones - acidophils, basophils, chromophobes

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hypothalamic control of hormones from adenohypophysis

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secretes releasing factors to release hormones, secretes inhibiting hormones to turn off secretion of hormones

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neurohypophysis

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structurally part of brain, secretes antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and oxytocin

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thyroid gland

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largest pure endocrine gland, follicles and areolar LCT, produces thyroid hormone(T3 and T4) and calcitonin

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parathyroid

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posterior surface of thyroid - chief cells and oxyphil cells

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chief cells

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produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), increases blood concentration of Ca

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oxyphil cells

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function unknown

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adrenal glands

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nerve supply is almost exclusively sympathetic fibers, medulla and cortex

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adrenal medulla

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knot of nervous tissue

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adrenal cortex

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bulk of adrenal gland

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adrenal medulla cells

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chromaffin cells - modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons, secrete catecholamines, fight flight fright response

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adrenal cortex hormones

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corticosteroids

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layers of adrenal cortex

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zonula glomerulosa, z. fasciculata, z. reticularis (external to internal)

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classes of corticosteroids

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mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids

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mineralocorticoids

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aldosterone is secreted by the z. glomerulosa

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glucocorticoids

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cortisol secreted by z. fasciculata and z. reticularis - helps body deal with stress, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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steroid secreting cells

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cells of adrenal cortex and testicular and ovarian cells

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features of steroid secreting cells

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smooth ER, no secretory granules, mitochondria have tube shaped cristae, lipid droplets in cytoplasm

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pineal gland

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roof of diencephalon, pineal sand is radiopaque, used as central landmark, pinealocytes secrete melatonin

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pancreas

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endocrine - acinar- cells, endocrine - pancreatic islet- cells

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acinar cells

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secrete digestive enzymes, exocrine

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pancreatic islets

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islets of langerhans, endocrine

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main endocrine cells in pancreas

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alpha cells, beta cells

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alpha cells

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secrete glucagon, signals liver to release glucose from glycogen, raises blood sugar

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beta cells

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secrete insulin, signals body cells to take up glucose from blood, promotes storage of glucose and glycogen in liver, lowers blood sugar

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secondary exocrine glands

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thymus, gonads

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thymus

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lower neck/anterior thorax, site at which t-lymphocytes arise from precursor cells, secretes thymosins

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gonads

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main sources of sex hormones - testes and ovaries

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male gonads

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interstitial cells secrete androgens, primarily testosterone, promotes formation of sperm, maintains secondary sex characteristics

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female gonads

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ovaries, androgens secreted by the theca folliculi, converted to estrogen by follicular granulosa cells, also secrete progesterone, estrogen maintains secondary sex characteristics, progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy

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other endocrine cells

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heart, GI tract, placenta, kidneys, skin

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heart endocrine cells

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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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GI tract

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enteroendocrine (pancreatic islets)

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placenta

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secretes several steroid protein hormones

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kidneys

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secrete renin and erythroprotein

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skin

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modified cholesterol molecules convert to a precursor of vitamin D