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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6 P's of compartment syndrome
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pain, pallor, parasthesia, paralysis, poikilothermia, pulselessness
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comminuated fracture
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bone splintered or shattered into numerous fragments. often occurs in crushing injuries.
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impacted fracture
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bone is forcibly pushed together, resulting in bone being pushed into bone.
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greenstick fracture
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bone is bent and fractures on the outer arc of the bend. often seen in children.
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displaced fracture
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bone pieces are out of normal alignment. one or more pieces may be out of alignment.
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pathological (neoplastic) fracture
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caused when bone is weakened either by pressure from a tumor or an actual tumor within the bone.
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spiral fracture
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fracture curves around the shaft of the bone.
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longitudinal fracture
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fracture occurs along the length of the bone.
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oblique fracture
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fracture occurs diagonally across the bone
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stress fracture
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results in the bone being fractured across one cortex. this is an incomplete fracture.
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RICE
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treatment for strains; rest, ice, compression, elevation
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rhabdomyelosis
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associated with muscle destruction (crushing), high fever, convulsions, or prolonged muscle compression (coma); CK levels 5 times higher than normal
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calcium
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normal= 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
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phosphorus
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normal= 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
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alkaline phosphotase (ALP)
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male: 45-115 units/L
female: 30-100 units/L |
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CK-MM
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normal=95-100%; increased in rhabdomyelosis, muscle disease; screening test for malignant hypothermia
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diabetes mellitus
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deficient production of insulin or body's inability to use insulin
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prediabetes
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fasting blood glucose= 100-125 mg/dL
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secondary diabetes
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caused by another chronic illness such as pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis or prolonged use of some drugs (Dilantin, thyroid hormone, thiazide diabetics)
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metabolic syndrome
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must have 3 of the following: elevated waist circumference, triglceride level= 150 or more, HDL lower than 40 for men, 50 for women, BP= 130/85 or more, fasting glucose= 110 or more
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fasting plasma glucose
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level of 126 or more leads to dx of diabetes mellitus
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HbA1c
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6.5% or more leads to dx of diabetes mellitus
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glucocorticoid (Prednisone)
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most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is prolonged use of this
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Glucophage
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oral hypoglycemic that decreses glucose production
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AGIs
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oral hypoglycemic that reduces the rate of carb digestion
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Sulfonylureas
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oral hypoglycemic that stimulates insulin secretion and increases insulin receptor sensitivity
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Somogyi effect
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glucose rises in spite of increased insulin doses
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dawn phenomenon
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natural release of growth hormone and cortisol during the early morning causes hyperglycemia in the morning
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ACTH
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stimulates the release of cortisol; normal= 9-52 (5-29 for women on birth control)
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TSH
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stimulates thyroid growth and release of T3 and T4; normal= 0.4-4.6
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PTH
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increases absorption of calcium by kidneys and excretion of phosphate; normal= 8-24; most important regulator of blood calcium levels in adults
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adrenal medulla
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releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
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aldosterone
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increases reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium; maintains BP and blood volume; normal= supine: 3-16, upright: 7-30
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cortisol
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goal is energy production (synthesis of glucose); direct stimulus is ACTH; normal=5-25 at 8 a.m., 3-16 at 4 p.m.
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glucagon
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stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose to raise blood sugar; released in hypoglycemia
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T3
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normal=70-204 ng/dL
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T4
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normal= male: 4.6-10.5 mcg/dL
female: 5.5-11 mcg/dL |
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GH
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normal= male: 0-5
female: 0-10 |
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ADH
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normal= 0-4.7
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urine specific gravity
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normal= 1.001-1.029
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glucocorticoids
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use can cause diabetes insipidus
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dilutional hyponatremia
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symptom of SIADH; s/s= bounding pulse, muscle weakness, personality changes, convulsions, coma
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Sandostatin
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drug used to treat acromegaly
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Parlodel
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drug that decreases GH levels to treat acromegaly
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myxedema coma
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complication of hypothyroidism; pt becomes hypothermic with decreased RR; tx= IV levothroxyzine (Synthroid)
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thyrotoxic crisis
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complication of hyperthyroidism; pt has increased BP, HR, high fever, coma; tx=acetaminophen
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endemic goiter
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goiter caused by iodine deficiency
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toxic goiter
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goiter that occurs with hyperthyroid state
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persistant cough
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symptom of thyroid cancer
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hypomagnesmia
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cause of hypoparathyroidism
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pheochromocytoma
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tumor of adrenal medulla
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intermittent hypertension
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most prominent s/s of pheochromocytoma
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hypoparathyroidism
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dx with positive Chvostek and Trousseau's signs
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hypoparathyroidism
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tx acute episodes with IV calcium gluconate
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Adrenocortical Insufficiency
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can be caused by prolonged use of corticosteroids
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aldosterone
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decreased amounts in adrenocortical insufficiency cause increased HR and decreased BP
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cortisol
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decreased amounts in adrenocortical insufficiency cause hypoglycemia and fatigue
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Addison's disease
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treat with glucocorticod and mineralcorticoid replacement
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alkaline phosphotase
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increased when new bone is formed; used to detect metastatic bone cancer and Paget's disease
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CK-MM
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screening test for malignant hypothermia
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CK-MM, AST, LDH
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screening tests for muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis
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myelogram
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test done on pts. of they can't do MRI or CT; stands you on your head to let dye enter spinal column; assess pt. for headache and n/v post-op
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arthrography
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examines synovial fluid to determine joint damage;maximum head raise 45 degrees for at least 3 hours post-op
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gallium/thallium scan
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moves to bone, brain, breast to look for cancer
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arthrocentesis
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aspirates joint fluid to decrease pressure and increase movement
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electromyography
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insert needles into muscle to determine pain level and amount of stimulation needed to move muscle
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bone scan
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pt must lay completely still for 90 mins and test must be repeated in 2 hr; used to visulalize entire skeleton; traces radioactive material through bone to show "hot spots" that indicate bone damage
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strain
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involves soft tissue/muscles; tendons are stretched
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sprain
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ligaments damaged from twisting movement
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bursitis
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inflammation of bursae; chronic if it lasts over 6 months
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bursae
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prevents friction between bone and tendon
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Phalen's test
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when wrist is flexed, the hand goes numb; if positive, carpal tunnel is diagnosed
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acute compartment syndrome
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swelling compresses copartments; 6 P's; pain is first s/s; tx= faciotomy (cut compartment to reduce compression)
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fat embolism syndrome
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fat clot travels to lungs and causes respiratory distress; can occur up to 72 hr post-op; 1st s/s= decreased LOC; place pt. in high Fowler's position and administer corticosteroids
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CWCM
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color, warmth, circulation, movement; asses q1-2h for 24 hr post-op and then QID and PRN
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osteoporosis
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risk factors= excessive ETOH use, smoking, excessive caffeine intake
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Dowanger's hump
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associated with osteporosis, pt walks hunched over and a hump is formed on dorsocervical area
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kyphosis
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associated with osteoporosis, spine shrinks and height decreases up to 6 in
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back pain
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1st s/s of osteoporosis
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dual-energy x-ray absoptiometry
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standard screening for bone density
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Fosamax, Actonel
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drugs that prevent/reduce bone breakdown for pts. with osteoporosis
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Evista
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drug that increases bone mass up to 2-3%
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Forteo
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drug given to pts at risk for fracture; can only be used for 2 years
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Paget's disease
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disease characterized by disorganized bone deposits; holes in bones; bones most often effected= spine, femur, skull, pelvis
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Calcimar
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drug used to decrease bone loss in pts with Paget's disease
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osteosarcoma
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most common and most fatal bone cancer; most often occurs in 10-25 yr old males; metastisizes to lung within 2 years
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Ewing's sarcoma
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most malignant bone tumor; s/s= leukocytosis, low grade temp, pain/swelling in pelvis and legs
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chondrosarcoma
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cancer of cartilaginous cells; occurs in middle age or older
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metastatic bone disease
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bone-seeking cancer; most often starts in prostate, breast, lung, and thyroid; s/s= pathological fractures and severe pain
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primary gout
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caused by an inherited problem with purine metabolism
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tophi
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urate deposits under skin and makes nodules, often on outer edges of ear
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colchicine
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drug used to tx acute gout attacks
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benemid
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drug used for gout to increase renal excretion of uric acid
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systemic lupus erythematosus
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life threatening; characterized by butterfly rash, photosensitivity, fatigue, weight loss, mucosal ulcers, alopecia
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scleroderma
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progressive disease characterized by tightening, hardening, and thickening of skin tissue; 95% have Reynaud's phenomenon
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Reynaud's phenomenon
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hands intolerant to cold; common in pts with scleroderma
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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brittle bone disease; characterized by triangular-shaped face, fragile bones, blue/purple sclera and smooth, thin skin
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polymyositis
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inflammation of skeletal muscle; tx= prednisone
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dermatomyositis
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characterized by a purple rash and periorbital edema
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muscular dystrophy
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muscles atrophy; group of 9 disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness
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osteoarthritis
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most common connective tissue disorder;
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Herberden's and Bouchard's Nodes
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bony nodes on sides of fingers in pts with osteoarthritis
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traumatic amputation replantation
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wrap severed body part in cool, slightly moist cloth, place in sealed bag submerged in cold water
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