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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Polyuria
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Excessive amount of glucose in blood causes kidneys to release more water, creating excessive diuresis
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Polyphagia
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Muscles don’t utilize glucose as well as they should, causing them to “starve”, so fat and protein reserves are used up; body responds by sending signals that it’s hungry
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Polydipsia
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Excessive thirst related to excessive diuresis
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Sulfonylureas
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Oral hypoglycemic, MOA: decrease blood glucose by stimulating pancreatic beta-cell production of insulin, increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin, decreasing glucose production by the liver, and increasing the number of cellular insulin receptors.
SE: N&V, skin and/or pulmonary reactions, hepatic and/or renal effects, aplastic anemia Nursing Considerations: watch for hypoglycemia, do not used in sulfa allergies |
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Meglitinides
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MOA: similar to sulfonylureas yet absorbed faster with minimal renal excretion.
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Biguanides
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Cellular sensitivity Also similar to sulfonylureas, but much greater incidence of renal toxicity. Raises creatinine and lactic acidosis. Not given anymore at St. John Health System.
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Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
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MOA: inhibits action of pancreatic alpha amylase and membrane-boiund intestinal glucoside hydrolase enzymes; this inhibition causes delay indigestion of Carbohydrates, slows absorption of glucose in the small intestine, and lowers HbA1C
SE: abd pain, flatulence, diarrhea |
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Thiazolidnediones (TZDs)
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SE: headache, hepatotoxicity, fluid retention/CHF
Side note: “Thiazolidinediones or glitazones specifically target insulin resistance. They have proven efficacy for reducing plasma glucose levels of type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet alone, sulphonylureas, metformin or insulin. In addition, they may be associated to some improvement of cardiovascular risk profile. |
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Glucocorticoids
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MOA:MIMIC THE FUNCTIONS OF CORTISOL= INTEGRATES COLLAGEN, INCREASE SCAR TISSUE FORMATION, INCREASE BREAK DOWN OF BONES, INCREASE METABOLSIM, GASTRIC SECRETION, GLUCONEGENIOUS, SODIUM RETENETION. SE: muscle weakness/myopathy, osteoporosis, bruisability, decreased wound healing (very thin, opaque skin), alteration in fat metabolism (dorsocervical fat pad/buffalo hump), fluid & lyte changes, ulcerogenic, increased IOP, CNS and psychiatric disturbances
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Mineralocorticoids
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MOA: mimics the functions of aldosterone (affecting fluid and lyte balance by acting on distal renal tubule to enhance sodium resorption and potassium and hydrogen excretion)
SE: sodium retention (hypernatremia, edema/CHF), hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, HTN, headache Nursing considerations: Monitor blood pressure and signs of edema when patient is on chronic therapy; monitor serum electrolytes, serum renin, and blood pressure; monitor for evidence of infection |
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Thyroid Hormone Replacements
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MOA: replaces thyroid hormones to maintain their normal functions; accelerates chemical reactions, O2 consumption, and heat production
SE: diarrhea, wt loss, abd cramps, increased appetite, palpitations, HTN, diaphoresis, tachycardia, headache, fever, tremor, heat intolerance, insomnia, menstrual irregularities, nervousness (all manifestations of hyperthyroidism), hypersensitivity Nursing considerations: let patient know it takes 1-3 weeks for full effect, take daily in the AM on an empty stomach and with a glass of water. Lifetime medication |
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Thioamides/
PTU |
MOA: decreases thyroxin production by inhibiting iodine, which is necessary for thyroxin formation. Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the combination of iodine and tyrosine. Inhibits conversion of T4 to T3.
--Graves' disease: an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). While a number of disorders may result in hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease is the most common cause. SE: signs & symptoms of hypothyroidism, blood dyscrasias, skin rash, GI disturbances, headache, drowsiness Nursing Considerations: delayed therapeutic onset |
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Iodides
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MOA: In high doses, inhibits thyroid secretion of thyroxin & causes involution of thyroid gland. Gland actually shrinks because so much is given.
SE: same as PTU, metallic taste Nursing considerations: peak drug concentrations in 10-15 days, warn patient about metallic taste, inform them of S/S of both hyper and hypothyroidis |