Endo 2: Taube : Greatest Hits

Front 1

what is released from alpha cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas?

Back 1

glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1, 2)
glucagon
proglucagon

Front 2

what is released from Beta cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas?

Back 2

insulin
proinsulin
C peptide
amylin

Front 3

what is released from gamma cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas?

Back 3

somatostatin

Front 4

What is released from F cells in the pancreas?

Back 4

Pancreatic polypeptide

Front 5

the majority of the cells found in the islet of langerhans are?

Back 5

B cells--insulin producing

Front 6

Insulin synthesis pathway.... (probably just read this)

Back 6

Leader + A, B, and C domains make up preproinsulin -->leader is cleaved in RER -->Proinsulin --> trans-Golgi proteases cleave proinsulin --> C-peptide and Insulin (A and B chains) -->Released into extracellar space during excretion

Front 7

Insulin excretion mechanism?

Back 7

Glucose enters cells (GLUT2 transporter) -->Glucose metabolized -->increase intracellular ATP --> Inhibits ATP-sensitive K+-channel -->depolarization of cell --> Voltage-gated Ca++-channel opens --> Ca++ influx --> Ca-induced Ca-release -->Exocytosis and release of insulin into circulation

Front 8

which causes the release of more insulin oral or IV glucose?

Back 8

ORAL

Thought to be from GI Hormones released that facilitate beta cell function and insulin secretion (THE INCRETIN EFFECT!!)

IV Glucose stimulates biphasic insulin release
INITIAL INCREASE DUE TO PREFORMED INSULIN
SECOND INCREASE AS BETA CELLS SYNTEHSIZE NEW INSULIN

Front 9

when insulin binds to its receptor, what kind of activity ensues?

Back 9

Results in the activation of MANY second messenger systems and amount of insulin that binds and 2nd messenger systems activated dictates cellular responses that will occur

Front 10

Effects of insulin in muscle?

Back 10

(+) glucose uptake
(+) protein synthesis
(-) breakdown of proteins

Front 11

Effects of insulin in adipocytes? 3

Back 11

(+) glucose uptake
(+) uptake of FFA
(+) triglyceride production

Front 12

Effects of insulin in liver? 4

Back 12

(+) glucose conversion to glycogen
(-) glycogenolysis
(+) glycolysis and triglyceride production
(-) gluconeogenesis

Front 13

this substance is co-secreted with insulin and has multiple actions, including decreased gastric emptying. What is it and what are 2 other things it does?

Back 13

Amylin

Inhibits:
Gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion
Area postrema in hindbrain

Glucagon secretion

Food intake – satiety factor
Area postrema

note: Pramlintide is a drug form of this

Front 14

what stimulates the release of glucagon? inhibits it?

Back 14

Stimulated by:
hypoglycemia
aa

Inhibited by:
hyperglycemia
somatostatin

Front 15

effects of glucagon? (4) where are these effects primarily taking place at?

Back 15

1° at liver
Opposite effects of insulin
(-) glycolysis
(+) gluconeogenesis
(+) glycogenolysis
(+) lipolysis

Front 16

what causes the release of somatostatin?

Back 16

Glucose

Arginine

GI hormones

Front 17

What receptor does somatostatin hit that causes decreased insulin secretion? what type of receptor is it?

Back 17

SSTR 5

G-protein coupled ((-) N-type Ca++ channel via direct coupling with SSTR 1)

Front 18

What receptor does somatostatin hit that causes decreased glucagon (and GH) secretion? what type of receptor is it?

Back 18

SSTR 2

G-protein coupled receptors

Front 19

what hormone is responsible for the following actions?

Slows gastric emptying
Decreases gastric secretions
Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion (and GH)
GLUCAGON SECRETION (and GH)

Back 19

Somatostatin