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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interphase Events
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the cells grows and DNA replicates
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Prophase Events
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the chromosomes become visible
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Metaphase Events
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the chromosomes align and spindle fibers connect to them
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Anaphase Events
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chromosomes begin to separate from spindle fibers toward different side of the cell
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Teleophase
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cells divides into two cells
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Centromere function
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the point on a chromosome which is attached to spindle fibers and link sister chromatids together (located in the middle of a chromosome)
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Spindle fiber function
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Fibers that pull replicated chromosomes appart
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centrioles
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one-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome
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Cytokenesis Events
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cell divides in two. A hard cell wall is created for the plant cell but not for the animal cell
- plant cells: cell plate is laid down - animals cells: pinch in along a cleavage furrow |
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Normal Cells vs Cancerous Cells
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cancerous cells grow and spread faster than normal cells
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
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mitosis is the division of body cells that result in two new cells. Meiosis is the division of sex cells that result in four new cells.
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Crossing Over during Prophase
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creates genetic variation
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Chromosomes & Genes
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genes are specialized regions on the chromosomes where proteins are produced
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autosomes
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the first 22 chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
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the two chromosomes at each chromosome pair that have the same genes which makes them the same length
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non-disjunction (cause and effect)
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non-disjunction is failure to separate chromosomes correctly and down syndrome can result from it
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Restriction Enzymes
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cuts specific part of gene off DNA
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plasmid
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After the lux gene is isolated, it will be inserted into a small, circular piece of bacterial DNA (pasmid)
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host cell
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this cell carries the new gene that is going into the organism
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why are bacteria cells are more frequently chosen as host cells?
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the reproduce quicker than plant or animal cells
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how genetic engineering impacts food, animals and the production of human insulin
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Food has more protein and vitamins, people and animals can be altered so that certain diseases are not and will not be present.
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PCR function
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to copy genes
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how gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments
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DNA has a negative charge therefore it will move to the positive chamber end. The smaller fragments move faster
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DNA fingerprint creation steps
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-cut DNA into fragments
-load dye into the chamber -DNA moves to positive end -DNA start at the top and the smallest fragments move the furthest |
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Human Genome Project Purpose, benefits, and drawbacks
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purpose: to collect more information on human genes
benefits: more effective drugs drawbacks: ethical questions and privacy issues |
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somatic vs. germ line gene therapy
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germline is permanent and with sex-cells while somatic is temporary and with body cells
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transgenic organism
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a different strand of DNA is placed inside another species
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Genetically Modified Organism
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organism whose genome has been altered by the techniques of genetic engineering
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GMO: advantage & disadvantage
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advantages: create a “built in” pesticides and other plant-benefiting things
disadvantages: radiation and chemical exposure |
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why do sex-linked traits appear more frequently in males than females
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sex linked traits come from pair 23. They are genes inherited from genes found on the sex chromosomes.Females have another Y chromosome to “overcome” the trait while male’s only have one y.
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incomplete vs. co-dominace with examples of each
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incomplete: heterozygous genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele; snapdragon flower that is pink from a red and white flower.
co-dominance: two genes are there at once; type AB |
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traits that are controlled by multiple genes
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these are affected by several genes at once. more than one gene affects hair color or eye color
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Blood Type A
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antigen: A
antibodies: B receivers: A & O |
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Blood Type B
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antigen: B
antibodies: A receivers: B & O |
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Blood Type AB
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antigen: AB
antibodies: none receivers: any group (A, B, O, AB) |
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Blood Type O
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antigen: none
antibodies: AB receivers: O |
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sex-linked
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shaded numbers are not near the same
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autosomal
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shaded numbers are near the same
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recessive
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generations are skipped
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dominant
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generations are not skipped
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photosynthesis reactants and products |
reactants: co2 and water products: oxygen and glucose |
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photosynthesis energy transformation |
electromagnetic (light) energy into chemical (sugar) energy |
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light-dependent |
requires oxygen to split the water making hydrogen and oxygen. |
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light-independent |
no oxygen hydrogen from light dependent combines w/co2 to make glucose |
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organisms that undergo photosynthesis |
plants |
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organisms that undergo cellular respiration |
plants and animals |
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aerobic respiration reactants and products |
reactants: oxygen and glucose products: co2 and water |
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anaerobic respiration vs aerobic respiration |
aerobic respiration: oxygen and 32 ATP anaerobic: no oxygen and 2 ATP |
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alcoholic vs lactic acid fermentation: with one similarity |
alcoholic fermentation: carried out by yeast and bacteria products-co2 alcohollactic acid fermentation: carried out by muscle cells products- lactic acid both: don’t require oxygen, occur in the cytoplasm, and release energy |
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why the inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded |
increases surface area for faster atp production |
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how the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are related |
they both contain the same chemicals but the products and reactants are switched |
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how energy is released from ATP molecules |
a phosphate molecule is released |
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light vs. electron mmicroscopes |
light: uses light to magnify up to 1000-2000 times. This is a physical limit imposed by the wavelength of the light electron: uses a beam of electrons instead of light and can magnify up to 500,000 times |
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magnification vs. resolution |
Magnification: how much of the specimen is enlarged Resolution: how clear the image is |
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calculate the total magnification |
Multiply the ocular piece lens (always 10X) by the objective lens |
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Coarse adjustment |
brings specimen into general focus detail |
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fine adjustment |
tunes focus and adjusts specimen |
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diaphragm |
controls light amount that enters the microscope |
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Ocular lens |
they create a higher magnification almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers |
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objective lens |
creates high and low magnification for the specimen |
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nosepiece |
rotates objective lens |
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Cell differentiation |
the process where the cell takes on a certain job |
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Specialized cell |
cells that have a job. Blood cells (oxygen transport), Muscles (movement), & Brain cell (send messages to the brain) are a few. |
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Stem cell |
cells that don't have a job yet |
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Chromosomes |
a long strand and DNA |
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genes |
a certain region of the chromosome that codes for a certain protein |
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zygote |
created when sperm fertilizes the egg |
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Cleavage |
cells division with no significant growth, occurs after zygote is created |
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Morula |
solid cluster of cells that results approximately three days after conception |
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Blastula |
a spherical layer of cells surrounding a fluid filled-cavity |
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Embryo |
baby before eight weeks |
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Fetus |
baby after eight weeks |
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why different cells in your body have different functions |
they contain different genes |
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Neuron |
sends electrical signals |
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Muscle Cells |
help the body move and maintain posture |
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xylem |
transports water |
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phloem |
transports food and nutrients through the plant |
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red blood cells |
the hemoglobin helps transport oxygen and collect waste gasses |
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white blood cells |
destroy bacteria and some produce antibodies |
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platelets |
help blood clot when the skin is cut |
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Ectoderm |
becomes the skin, hair, teeth, and nervous system |
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Endoderm |
forms the lining of the digestive tract |
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Mesoderm |
becomes the muscle, bone, circulatory, urinary system, and reproductive system |
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times of day that photosynthesis occurs |
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times of day that cellular respiration occurs |
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uses for energy released from ATP molecules |
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What process drives evolution by selecting for the trait best suited for the environment? Large or small populations? |
phylogenetic trees- large populations |
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Explain how natural selection will lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in this bacteria population. |
over the years the same antibiotic has been used and actively build immunity for bacteria. natural selection will pass this trait down through generations because it will choose this trait as the best for the bacteria so it will be passed down more frequently. |
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How are and passive immunity different? How is each type of immunity acquired? |
active is when the bacteria is placed into the person (shot) to gain immunity to the bacteria while passive is when something in put into fight against the bacteria (antibiotic) |
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Why is it hypothesized that the first organisms were anaerobic? |
because there was few amount of oxygen in the atmosphere |
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Why is it hypothesized that mitochondria and chloroplasts once lived independently of cells? |
membranes have membranes and chloroplasts create sunlight for energy/food. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have a lot in common. |
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What criteria is used to classify organisms today? |
phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships |
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What type of information do dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees provide? |
dichotomous: identify organisms based on looks phylogenetic: identify organisms based on genetic material |
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Identify the genus and species names in the following scientific name: Pinus strobus |
Pinus=genus strobus=species name |
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What level of classification is more specific than a class but broader than a family? |
Order |
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Which level of classification contains the most organisms? Which level would have the fewest? |
most= Domain least=Species |
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How does the full classification of an organism differ from its scientific name? |
full classification has eight taxonomic levels while scientific names have two |
