Emergence Of New China Midterm

Front 1

Li Zicheng

Back 1

(1605-1645)
Peasant rebellions often led dynasties to collapse. Li took advantage of this tendency and led the rebellion against the abusive Ming system. He facilitated Qing control of China

Front 2

The Manchu Banners

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Created by Nurhachi (1559-1626). Chinese and Mongolian forces combined. Used colors to organized military forces, also to label houses and taxes. Helped conquer China

Front 3

Emperor Kang Xi

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(1662-1722)
Began rule at four years old. He formed an official Chinese census and encyclopedia. Also began the the Kang Xi dictionary, Chinese's most comprehensive dictionary. He had 35 sons, but never specified a successor. He was probably poisoned to death.

Front 4

Emperor Qian Long

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(1736-1795)
Admired Yang Zhen's legacy. He ordered scholars to collect all written records to compose "Complete Collection in 4 Treasures." He gave his favorite officials too much power, which led to widespread corruption. He resigned in 1795.

Front 5

The Canton Trade System

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Canton is modern day Guangdong. Canton was the only port open to foreign trade, and only licensed Hong merchants could perform trade. The British East India Company was a popular client.

Front 6

Commissioner Lin Zexu

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Sent by Chinese court to solve widespread opium issue in the trade system, and brought about the opium war. Confiscated opium from foreign merchants and burned what he could. Sent a letter to Queen Victoria in 1839 to protest UK's supply of opium to Chinese.

Front 7

Treaty of Nanjing

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August 29, 1842, signed by Cornwallis
Ended the opium war in China. China agreed to a fixed tariff for Britain, and China had to cede Hong Kong.

Front 8

Hong Xiuquang

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(1818-1864)
Leader of the Taiping Rebellion. He was of the Hakka ethnic group. He was a Christian and believed he was Jesus' brother. Didn't gain much Western or Chinese support because of his ethnicity and religion

Front 9

The Taiping Rebellion

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1852
Largest and most destructive reform group. Defeated Manchu forces at Hunan province. 500,000 lives lost during rebellion

Front 10

Empress Dowager Ci-Xi

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Emperor Tongzhi's mother. Challenged Li Hengzheng's reforms of improved military, education, communication, and shipyards. She used military fleet money to build gigantic marble boat in Beijing. She chose Tongzhi's cousin, Guangxu, to rule after he died, and then she retired to Summer Palace. After Guangxu began the 100 Day Reform in 1898, she returned and arrested Guangxu

Front 11

Li Hongzhang

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1823-1901
Promoted by Tongzhi to central government. He opened steamboat shipyards, established modern military arsenals, sent Chinese students to the US, and built an ambitious modern fleet. Also opened telegram lines and coal mines.

Front 12

The Hundred Day Reform

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June - Sept 1898, Emperor Guangxu
Reform in examination system: more math and physics, less arts
Reform in commerce, industry, and agriculture
Strengthening of armed forces
Strengthening bureaucracy
Failed, thanks to Ci Xi

Front 13

Kang Youwei

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1858-1927, Emperor Guangxu's tutor
Inspired by Utopian ideas and surely the 100 day reform:
no nations
governments popularly elected
parental education, nurseries
school for children
adults assigned to work in agriculture
hospitals and homes for sick and old
public dorms and dining halls
special awards for inventors, etc
dead cremated

Front 14

The Boxer Rebellion

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1900
Anti-Western radical group.

Front 15

Dr. Sun Yat Sen

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1866-1925
Father of the Chinese Revolution. Studied in USA, became Christian. Formed Saving China Association. Sold printed Chinese Bibles. Worked with General Huang Xing to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Assumed office as provisional president after the 1911 Revolution, but he wasn't even in China. Established the Three People's Principles (Nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood)

Front 16

Yuan Shikai

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1859-1916
Strongest Chinese military figure. Led the Bei Yan, the strongest Chinese army. He became president of Chinese republic after Sun Yat Sen in 1912. Assassinated Chinese nationalist leader. Wanted to be an emperor.

Front 17

The May Fourth Movement

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1919
Protested against Treaty of Versailles, which granted German possessions in Qingdao to Japan. One of the most important political movements led by many officials at Beijing University. Led by Li Dazhao, Beijing U librarian

Front 18

Chen Duxiu

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1879 - 1942
With Li Dazhao, co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. Led May Fourth Movement as well. Dean of Letters at Beijing U

Front 19

Hu Shi

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1891-1962
Western trained scholar, philosopher, essayist. Emphasized science and democracy ideas. Advocated writing in plain language

Front 20

Mao Zedong

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1893 - 1976, Hunan Province
Discontent against intellectuals. Led long march (1934-1935). Tried to give more power to poor peasants, cadres distributed food.

Front 21

Chang Kai Shek

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1887-1975
Sun Yat Sen's student. Studied in USSR. Became president of first military academy, Whampoa. In 1928, formed Nationalist government in Nanjing, purged Communist members. Busy fighting Communists during Japanese invasion of China. Plead to League of Nations for help.

Front 22

Sun-Joffe Agreement

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Jan 26, 1923
Agreement between Russia and China:
Communism in China impossible
Russia renounces privileges in China
Reorganization of Eastern Chinese Railway
Soviets disavow imperialism in Mongolia

Front 23

Whampoa Military Academy

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Guangzhou
Best generals of Communist and Nationalist parties from this academy

Front 24

Kwantung Army

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Commanded by General Suzuki, established in Manchuria.

Front 25

General Zhang Xueliang

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1901-2001, Manchurian warlord, opium addict
Upset Chang Kai Shek was focusing on Communism rather than Japanese, he staged a mutiny and kidnapped Shek. Once Shek negotiated, he was put in house arrest

Front 26

The Mukden Incident

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Sept. 18, 1931
Mysterious explosion on a nearby railway prompted Japanese to invade and control Manchuria. Military action shocked Japanese government.

Front 27

Xi'an Incident

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December 12, 1936
Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Chang Kai Shek to convince him to fight Japan instead of Communisits

Front 28

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

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July 7, 1937, 30 miles West of Beijing
Japan attempts to search for two missing soldiers in nearby Chinese village, disagreement, violence begins. Some argues this began the war. Japanese begins to push South.