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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What area of the embryo gives rise to the GU system?
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Cloaca
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What divides the cloaca? What is anterior? Posterior?
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Urorectal septum
Anterior: urogenital sinus --> bladder Posterior: rectum |
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What structures develop from the urogenital sinus?
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Prostate
Bulbourethral gland Bladder |
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What structure develops from the ureteric bud?
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Ureter
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What structure develops from the mesonephric duct? What is another name for this duct?
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Seminal vesicle
Vas deferens Wollfian duct |
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What is the bladder trigone formed from?
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Mesonephric ducts
Urogenital sinus |
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What is the common excretory duct?
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The mesonephric duct distal to the ureteric bud
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What is the trigone of the bladder?
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smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice
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What are some possible developmental abnormalities of the urogenital sinus?
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Urachal fistula: urine trains out the umbilicus
Urachal sinus: incomplete closure of the allantois Urachal cyst |
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What is the allantois? What is its function?
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Connection between the urinary bladder of the fetus and the umbilical cord
Assists in getting rid of waste |
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What is sexual determination?
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Genetic events that bring about male/female gonadal development
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What is sexual differentiation?
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The morphogenic/physiological events that establish sexuality, sexual dimorphism, and secondary sex characteristics
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How long during gestation is sex indifferent?
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7 weeks`
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The mesonephric duct is also known by this name. Is it associated with male or female structures?
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Wollfian duct
Male structures |
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The paramesonephric duct is also known by this name. Is it associated with male or female structures?
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Mullerian duct
Female |
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What substances do the testes secrete?
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Mullerian inhibitory substance: inhibits the development of female structures
Testosterone: promotes the development of male structures |
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What cells secrete Mullerian inhibiting substance?
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Sertoli cells
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What cells secrete testosterone?
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Leydig cells
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What structures are formed by the paramesonephric/mullerian ducts?
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Uterus
Upper 1/3 of vagina |
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What molecule causes the virilization of the male genitalia? What mediates this process?
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DHT
Androgen receptors |
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What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into DHT?
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5-alpha reductase
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DHT is responsible for the development of what male structures?
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Pubic hair
Penis Prostate Think 3 P's |
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Testosterone is responsible for the development of what structures?
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Seminal vesicles
Epididymis |
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In males, the genital swelling forms the:
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Scrotum
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In males, the genital folds form the:
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Walls of the urethra
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In males, the phallus forms the:
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Glans penis
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In females, the genital swelling forms the:
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Labia majora
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In females, the genital folds form the:
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Labia minor
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In females, the phallus forms the:
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Clitoris
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What is hyospadias? What is the treatment?
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Opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis
SURGERY!!!! |
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Where are the testes at the second month of development?
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Inside the abdomen
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What factor is required for the descent of the testes?
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InsI3
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Where are the testes in the third month of development?
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Inside the inguinal ring
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What are examples of a disorder of sex determination?
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Sex reversal:
XX males XY females |
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What are examples of disorders of sex differentiation?
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Ambiguous genitalia:
Partial gonadal dysgenesis True hermaphrodites Pseudohermaphrodites |
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What distinguishes true hermaphrodites from pseudohermaphrodites?
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True: both testicular and ovarian tissue
Pseudo: the phenotype of the genitalia is inconsistent with the gonadal sex (having vagina when you've got testes) |
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What region is responsible for male sexual determination? What disorders are associated with this?
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SRY
Sex determining Region on the Y chromosome Translocation: 46 XX males, 46 XY females |
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Why are translocations of the SRY gene common?
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It resides in a pseudoautosomal region of the Y chromosome; you can get translocation to the X chromosome
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What condition is common in XY females? What problems can this cause?
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"Streak gonads": externally look like a female, but there are no gonads in reality
Cancer! |
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What gene in SRY is implicated in sexual disorders?
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SOX9
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What is the activity of SOX9? Where is it expressed?
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Activates male-specific genes (MIS)
Expressed in the male gonads; no expression in females |
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What are the effects of a mutation in SOX9?
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Sex determination problmes
Skeletal problems (campomelic dysplasia) |
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What is campomelic dysplasia?
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Severe bowing of the femur and tibia. Also problems in the ribs and vertebral column
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What are some of the genes regulated by the SRY region?
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Androgen receptor
MIS/MIS receptor 5-alpha reductase 12-alpha hydroxylase |
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What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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Deficiency in 21-alpha hydroxylase
Can't synthesize the other hormones, so there is increased testosterone. This causes virilization of the female fetus |
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What is the presentation of a patient with complete androgen insufficienty? Partial?
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Complete:
XY female Completely female external genitalia Testes Partial: Ambiguous genitalia Testicles XY |
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In people with androgen receptor problems, what is the effect on the mullerian ducts? The testes? Virilization?
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Mullerian ducts; completely regress
Testes: develop completely. Virilization: doesn't occur |
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What are some of the symptoms present in 5-alpha reductase deficiency?
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+/- increased Testosterone:DHT ratio
Ambiguous genitalia in males Lack of virilization of a male fetus Still have regression of the mullerian structures |
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What is a severe secondary complication to congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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Adrenal crises
Salt wasting |
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What is the symptomology of persistent mullerian duct syndrome?
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Normal male genitalia
Presence of uterus, fallopian tubes Virilization occurs at puberty |
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What are the causes of persistent mullerian duct syndrome?
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Mutations in MIS
Mutations in the MIS receptor` |
