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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an example of a pathologic persistence of a normal structure in congenital hear diseases?
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Patent ductus arteriosis
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What tissue forms the heart tube? How does it form?
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Lateral mesoderm
Folding together in the middle |
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What is the impetus for the folding of the heart?
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The heart grows too large for the early thorax, so it needs to fold
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From what direction does blood enter the heart?
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Caudally
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On what side of the early body is the opening to the tail of the heart tube?
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Left
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On what side of the early body is the opening to the head of the heart tube?
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Right
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What is the result of the first division of the heart tube?
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An inlet and an outlet
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What structures of the heart form from the conotruncus?
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Aorta
Pulmonary artery |
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Describe the transformation of the early heart tube to the next stage of development
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There is a kink that forms between the pre-RV and LV.
The aortic sac forms new arteries |
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The RV is associated with input or output? What defects can result?
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Output
Double output |
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Before the second division of the heart, spatially, what needs to happen?
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The heart needs to rotate back to midline. Ventricle needs to shift towards the left.
A failure to do this will result in either double outlet RV or double inlet LV |
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Which occurs first, atrial or ventricular septation?
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Atrial
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What are the two components of the foramen ovale?
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Primum septum: left side
Septum secundum: right side |
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In the embryo what is the direction of blood flow through the foramen ovale? What happens upon birth?
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Right to left.
The hole shuts due to increased pressure in the L atrium |
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What is the type of tissue that forms the atrial septum?
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Endocardial cushion
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What three components come together to make the ventricular septum? What is the joining called?
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Muscular ingrwoth
Conotruncal cushion development Atrioventricular cushion development Perimembranous septum |
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What portion of the ventricular septum is formed by the muscular ingrowth?
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Muscular septum
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What portion of the ventricular septum is formed by the conotruncal cushion?
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Outlet septum
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What portion of the ventricular septum is formed by the atriventricular cushion?
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Inlet septum
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What type of cells form the valves?
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Endocardium
Stimulation is provided by the myocardium |
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What tissue fuses at the midline to create the vessels of the heart?
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Cardiac cushion
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If the cardiac cushions don't form, what type of septal defect will result?
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An atrioventricular septal defect
Primary atrial defect Inlet ventricular septal defect Single valve connecting the atria to the ventricles |
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What are the different congenital heart conditions that can result from problems in dividing the conotruncus?
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Failure to divide: truncus arteriosus
Deviation anteriorly: teratology of fallot Under-rotation of the cushions: transposition of the great arteries |
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What congenital heart defect is caused by the non-division of the conotruncus?
Anatomically, what does this look like? |
Truncus arteriosus
Pulmonary artery and the aorta are a single vessel |
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What congenital heart defect is associated with the deviation of the conal cushions anteriorly?
Anatomically, what does this look like?` |
Teratology of Fallot
The flow to the lungs is decreased. Secondary happenings: 1. Pulmonary stenosis 2. Thickened RV wall 3. Ventricular septal defect 4. Hypertrophy of the aorta to overcome the septal defect |
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What congenital heart defect is caused by an under-rotation of the cushions?
Anatomically, what does this look like? What is the treatment? |
Transposition of the great arteries
The aorta is hooked up to the R side of the heart. The PA is hooked up to the L side of the heart. SURGERY! Connect the tubes to their intended places. |
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Other than the great vessels hooking up to the wrong place, what are other problems with transpositions of the great arteries?
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Ventricular septal defects
Arterial septal defects Patent ductus arteriosis |
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What is the major factor influencing heart growth? What happens if this is absent?
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Flow! You gotta have the flow!
It won't grow. |
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What condition would be visualized in a child with severe aortic valve stenosis? What will ultimately end up to the child?
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Left ventricular hypertrophy
Ultimately, the LV will become small and hypertrophic |
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What conditions require a fontan repair? What is performed?
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Single ventricle
DIRECTLY SHUNTING THE BLOOD FROM THE R.A. TO THE LUNGS!!! WILD!!! |
