Embryology (For Usmle)

Front 1

Fetal landmarks Day 0

Back 1

Fertilization by sperm, initiating embryogenesis.

Front 2

Fetal landmarks Within week 1

Back 2

Implantation (as a blastocyst).

Front 3

Fetal landmarks Within week 2

Back 3

Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast).

Front 4

Fetal landmarks Within week 3

Back 4

Gastrulation. Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form.

Front 5

Fetal landmarks Weeks 3–8 wrt

Back 5

Neural tube formed. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens.

Front 6

Fetal landmarks Week 4

Back 6

Heart begins to beat: 4 chambers in week 4. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.

Front 7

Fetal landmarks Week 8

Back 7

Fetal movement; fetus looks like a baby.

Front 8

Fetal landmarks Week 10

Back 8

Genitalia have male/female characteristics.

Front 9

Fetal landmarks plates with functions

Back 9

Alar plate - Sensory Basal plate - Motor

Front 10

Fetal landmarks first week

Back 10

Fertilization - day 1 Zygote - day 2 Morula - day 3 blastocyst - day 5 implantation - day 6

Front 11

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Implantation (as a blastocyst).

Back 11

within week 1

Front 12

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast).

Back 12

Within week 2

Front 13

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form.

Back 13

Within week 3

Front 14

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Gastrulation.

Back 14

Within week 3

Front 15

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Neural tube formed.

Back 15

Weeks 3–8

Front 16

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Organogenesis.

Back 16

Weeks 3–8

Front 17

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Extremely susceptible to teratogens.

Back 17

Weeks 3–8

Front 18

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Heart begins to beat

Back 18

week 4 4 chambers in week 4.

Front 19

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.

Back 19

Week 4

Front 20

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur fetus looks like a baby.

Back 20

Week 8

Front 21

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Fetal movement

Back 21

Week 8

Front 22

Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Genitalia have male/female characteristics.

Back 22

Week 10

Front 23

Rule of 2’s for 2nd week

Back 23

--2 germ layers (bilaminar disk): epiblast, hypoblast. --2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac. --2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast.

Front 24

The epiblast precursor to what and what it does/forms

Back 24

(precursor to ectoderm) invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.

Front 25

invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.

Back 25

The epiblast (precursor to ectoderm)

Front 26

Rule of 3’s for 3rd week

Back 26

3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Front 27

Embryologic derivatives Mesodermal defects =

Back 27

VACTERL: Vertebral defect, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle).

Front 28

Embryologic derivatives Surface ectoderm

Back 28

Adenohypophysis; lens of eye; epithelial linings of skin, ear, eye, and nose; epidermis.

Front 29

Embryologic derivatives Neuroectoderm

Back 29

Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland.

Front 30

Embryologic derivatives Neural crest

Back 30

ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull

Front 31

Embryologic derivatives Endoderm

Back 31

Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells).

Front 32

Embryologic derivatives Notochord

Back 32

Induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its only postnatal derivative is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk.

Front 33

Embryologic derivatives Mesoderm

Back 33

Dura mater, connective tissue, muscle, bone, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood urogenital structures, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneal), spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys.

Front 34

7. Common congenital malformations

Back 34

1. Heart defects 2. Hypospadias 3. Cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) 4. Congenital hip dislocation 5. Spina bifida 6. Anencephaly 7. Pyloric stenosis

Front 35

Associated with projectile vomiting.

Back 35

Pyloric stenosis

Front 36

Teratogens effect/cause Alcohol

Back 36

Birth defects and mental retardation (leading cause); fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 37

Teratogens effect/cause mental retardation (leading cause)

Back 37

Alcohol

Front 38

Teratogens effect/cause ACE inhibitors

Back 38

Renal damage

Front 39

Teratogens effect/cause Renal damage

Back 39

ACE inhibitors

Front 40

Teratogens effect/cause Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction

Back 40

Cocaine

Front 41

Teratogens effect/cause Cocaine

Back 41

Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction

Front 42

Teratogens effect/cause Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Back 42

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Front 43

Teratogens effect/cause Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Back 43

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Front 44

Teratogens effect/cause Iodide

Back 44

Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

Front 45

Teratogens effect/cause Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

Back 45

Iodide

Front 46

Teratogens effect/cause 13-cis-retinoic acid

Back 46

Extremely high risk for birth defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation)

Front 47

Teratogens effect/cause Extremely high risk for birth defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation)

Back 47

13-cis-retinoic acid

Front 48

Teratogens effect/cause Thalidomide

Back 48

Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)

Front 49

Teratogens effect/cause Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)

Back 49

Thalidomide

Front 50

Teratogens effect/cause Tobacco

Back 50

Preterm labor, placental problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Front 51

Teratogens effect/cause Preterm labor, placental problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Back 51

Tobacco

Front 52

Teratogens effect/cause Warfarin

Back 52

multiple

Front 53

Teratogens effect/cause anticonvulsants

Back 53

multiple

Front 54

Teratogens effect/cause Xrays

Back 54

multiple

Front 55

Teratogens effect/cause multiple

Back 55

Warfarin, x-rays, anticonvulsants

Front 56

FAS what are the defects

Back 56

craniofacial abnormalities microcephaly limb dislocation heart and lung fistulas

Front 57

FAS mech

Back 57

unknown, but may include inhibition of cell migration

Front 58

Umbilical cord contents and where the blood comes from/goes

Back 58

Contains 2 umbilical arteries, which return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac arteries, and 1 umbilical vein, which supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

Front 59

Allantoic duct role

Back 59

removes nitrogenous waste (from fetal bladder, like a urethra).

Front 60

Single umbilical artery is associated with

Back 60

congenital and chromosomal anomalies.

Front 61

Umbilical cord structure and congenital and chromosomal anomalies.

Back 61

Single umbilical artery is associated with congenital and chromosomal anomalies.

Front 62

Wharton´s jelly what, derivation, structure and function

Back 62

a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, composed of cells that originate in the original egg and sperm of conception. It is largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). As a mucous tissue it protects and insulates umbilical blood vessels.

Front 63

Heart embryology what this gives rise to Truncus arteriosus

Back 63

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Front 64

Heart embryology what this gives rise to Bulbus cordis

Back 64

Smooth parts of left and right ventricle

Front 65

Heart embryology what structures arise from the Primitive ventricle

Back 65

Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle

Front 66

Heart embryology what this gives rise to Primitive atria

Back 66

Trabeculated left and right atrium

Front 67

Heart embryology what this gives rise to Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)

Back 67

Coronary sinus

Front 68

Heart embryology what this gives rise to Right horn of SV

Back 68

Smooth part of right atrium

Front 69

Heart embryology what this gives rise to Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Back 69

SVC

Front 70

What embyonic structure gives rise to Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Back 70

Truncus arteriosus

Front 71

What embyonic structure gives rise to Smooth parts of left and right ventricle

Back 71

Bulbus cordis

Front 72

What embyonic structure gives rise to Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle

Back 72

Primitive ventricle

Front 73

What embyonic structure gives rise to Trabeculated left and right atrium

Back 73

Primitive atria

Front 74

What embyonic structure gives rise to Coronary sinus

Back 74

Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)

Front 75

What embyonic structure gives rise to Smooth part of right atrium

Back 75

Right horn of SV

Front 76

What embyonic structure gives rise to SVC

Back 76

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Front 77

Fetal erythropoiesis by time frame

Back 77

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood. Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: 1. Yolk sac (3–8 wk) 2. Liver (6–30 wk) 3. Spleen (9–28 wk) 4. Bone marrow (28 wk onward)

Front 78

Fetal hemoglobin = Adult hemoglobin =

Back 78

Fetal hemoglobin =α2γ2. (gamma) Adult hemoglobin =α2β2.

Front 79

Fetal component of the placenta and where/function

Back 79

cytotrophoblast composes the inner layer of chorionic villi. Syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer and secretes hCG

Front 80

placenta what is the outer layer and secretes hCG

Back 80

Syncytiotrophoblast

Front 81

placenta what composes the inner layer of chorionic villi

Back 81

cytotrophoblast

Front 82

maternal component of the placenta

Back 82

Decidua basalis derived from the endometrium

Front 83

steps in the interventricular septum development

Back 83

1. muscular interventricular septum forms with an interventricular foramen 2.(twisting)aorticopulmonary septum devides the truncus into the 2 trunks 3. 2 septums meet, fuse, become membranous, and close the interventricular foramen

Front 84

Fetal circulation 3 important shunts:

Back 84

foramen ovale ductus arteriosis ductus venosus

Front 85

Fetal circulation foramen ovale

Back 85

Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the foramen ovale and pumped out the aorta to the head.

Front 86

Fetal circulation ductus arteriosis

Back 86

Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus to the lower body of the fetus.

Front 87

Fetal circulation ductus venosus

Back 87

Blood entering the fetus hrough the umbilical vein s conducted via the ductus venosus into the VC.

Front 88

Fetal circulation changes at birth

Back 88

infant takes a breath; ↓ resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes ↑ left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes; ↑ in O2 leads to ↓ in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosus.

Front 89

drugs to open or close PDA

Back 89

Indomethacin closes the PDA. Prostaglandins keep a patent PDA open.

Front 90

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Umbilical vein

Back 90

ligamentum teres hepatis

Front 91

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure ligamentum teres hepatis

Back 91

Umbilical vein

Front 92

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Umbilical arteries

Back 92

mediaL umbilical ligaments

Front 93

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure medial umbilical ligaments

Back 93

UmbiLical arteries

Front 94

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Ductus arteriosus

Back 94

––ligamentum arteriosum

Front 95

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure ligamentum arteriosum

Back 95

Ductus arteriosus

Front 96

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Ductus venosus

Back 96

ligamentum venosum

Front 97

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure ligamentum venosum

Back 97

Ductus venosus

Front 98

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Foramen ovale

Back 98

fossa ovalis

Front 99

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure fossa ovalis

Back 99

Foramen ovale

Front 100

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure median umbilical ligament

Back 100

AllaNtois––urachus––mediaN umbilical ligament

Front 101

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Allantois

Back 101

AllaNtois––urachus––mediaN umbilical ligament

Front 102

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Notochord

Back 102

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

Front 103

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

Back 103

Notochord

Front 104

Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant.

Back 104

The urachus

Front 105

What is contained in the falciform ligament

Back 105

round ligament and paraumbilical veins.

Front 106

The urachus is the part of

Back 106

the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus.

Front 107

what is part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus.

Back 107

urachus

Front 108

Aortic arch derivatives 1st

Back 108

part of MAXillary artery.

Front 109

Aortic arch derivatives part of MAXillary artery.

Back 109

1st

Front 110

Aortic arch derivatives 2nd

Back 110

Stapedial artery and hyoid artery.

Front 111

Aortic arch derivatives Stapedial artery and hyoid artery.

Back 111

2nd

Front 112

Aortic arch derivatives 3rd

Back 112

common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery.

Front 113

Aortic arch derivatives common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery.

Back 113

3rd

Front 114

Aortic arch derivatives 4th

Back 114

on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery.

Front 115

Aortic arch derivatives on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery.

Back 115

4th

Front 116

Aortic arch derivatives 6th

Back 116

proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus.

Front 117

Aortic arch derivatives proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus.

Back 117

6th

Front 118

Aortic arch derivatives mnemonic

Back 118

-1st arch is MAXimal. -Second = Stapedial. -C is 3rd letter of alphabet. -4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic. -6th arch = pulmonary and the pulmonary-to-systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus).

Front 119

Branchial apparatus different parts and what they are from

Back 119

Branchial clefts are derived from ectoderm. Branchial arches are derived from mesoderm and neural crests. Branchial pouches are derived from endoderm.

Front 120

Branchial apparatus aka/s

Back 120

Branchial apparatus is also called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves.

Front 121

pharyngeal apparatus aka/s

Back 121

Branchial apparatus is also called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves.

Front 122

Branchial apparatus layers

Back 122

CAP covers outside from inside (Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm).

Front 123

Branchial arch 1 derivatives muscles

Back 123

Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament.

Front 124

Branchial arch 1 derivatives cartilage

Back 124

Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids) Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue.

Front 125

Branchial arch 1 derivatives nerves

Back 125

Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3.

Front 126

Branchial arch 2 derivatives muscles

Back 126

Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament.

Front 127

Branchial arch 2 derivatives cartilage

Back 127

Muscles: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.

Front 128

Branchial arch 2 derivatives nerves

Back 128

Nerve: CN VII.

Front 129

Branchial arch 3 derivatives muscles

Back 129

Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid.

Front 130

Branchial arch 3 derivatives cartilage

Back 130

Muscle: stylopharyngeus.

Front 131

Branchial arch 3 derivatives nerves

Back 131

Nerve: CN IX.

Front 132

Branchial arch 4,6 derivatives cartilages

Back 132

Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.

Front 133

Branchial arch 4 derivatives muscles

Back 133

Muscles (4th arch): most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini.

Front 134

Branchial arch 4 derivatives nerves

Back 134

Nerve: 4th arch––CN X (superior laryngeal branch);

Front 135

Branchial arch 6 derivatives muscles

Back 135

Muscles (6th arch): all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.

Front 136

Branchial arch 6 derivatives nerves

Back 136

6th arch––CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).

Front 137

which Branchial arches form posterior 1/3 of tongue.

Back 137

Arches 3 and 4

Front 138

which Branchial arch Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament.

Back 138

1

Front 139

which Branchial arch Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue.

Back 139

1

Front 140

which Branchial arch Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3.

Back 140

1

Front 141

which Branchial arch Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament.

Back 141

2

Front 142

which Branchial arch are the following mm derived from: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.

Back 142

2

Front 143

which Branchial arch Nerve: CN VII.

Back 143

2

Front 144

which Branchial arch Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid.

Back 144

3

Front 145

which Branchial arch Muscle: stylopharyngeus.

Back 145

3

Front 146

which Branchial arch Nerve: CN IX.

Back 146

3

Front 147

which Branchial arch Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.

Back 147

6-Apr

Front 148

which Branchial arch Muscles: most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini.

Back 148

(4th arch)

Front 149

which Branchial arch Muscles : all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.

Back 149

(6th arch)

Front 150

which Branchial arch CN X (superior laryngeal branch)

Back 150

4th

Front 151

which Branchial arch CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).

Back 151

6th

Front 152

which Branchial arch makes no major developmental contributions.

Back 152

Arch 5

Front 153

Branchial arch innervation and implications

Back 153

Arch 1 -- CN V2 and V3. Arch 2 -- CN VII. Arch 3 -- CN IX. Arch 4 and 6 --CN X. with the exception of V2(no motor) these are the only CN's that have both sensory and motor components

Front 154

Tongue development wrt arches and sensation/taste

Back 154

1st branchial arch forms anterior 2/3 (thus sensation via CN V3, taste via CN VII). 3rd and 4th arches form posterior 1/3 (thus sensation and taste mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X).

Front 155

Tongue motor innervation

Back 155

Motor innervation is via CN XII.

Front 156

Taste sensory nucleus of the brain and CN's

Back 156

Taste is CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus);

Front 157

Pain and motor innervation of the tounge

Back 157

pain is CN V3, IX, X; motor is CN XII.

Front 158

Branchial cleft derivatives 1st

Back 158

1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus.

Front 159

Branchial cleft derivatives 2nd-4th

Back 159

2nd through 4th clefts form temporary cervical sinuses which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme.

Front 160

Persistent cervical sinus can lead to what and where

Back 160

a branchial cyst in the lateral neck. Thyroglossal duct cyst in midline neck.

Front 161

Ear development Bones

Back 161

Malleus/incus–– 1st arch Stapes––2nd arch

Front 162

Ear development Muscles

Back 162

Tensor tyMpani (V3)––1st arch Stapedius (VII)––2nd arch

Front 163

Ear development External auditory meatus

Back 163

1st cleft

Front 164

Ear development eustachian tube

Back 164

Eardrum, eustachian tube––1st branchial membrane

Front 165

Ear development Eardrum

Back 165

Eardrum, eustachian tube––1st branchial membrane

Front 166

branchial membranes

Back 166

are located at junctions of clefts with pouches

Front 167

are located at junctions of clefts with pouches

Back 167

branchial membranes

Front 168

Branchial pouch derivatives 1st pouch

Back 168

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.

Front 169

Branchial pouch derivatives middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.

Back 169

1st pouch

Front 170

Branchial pouch derivatives 2nd pouch

Back 170

develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.

Front 171

Branchial pouch derivatives develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.

Back 171

2nd pouch

Front 172

Branchial pouch derivatives 3rd pouch

Back 172

3rd pouch (dorsal wings) develops into inferior parathyroids. 3rd pouch (ventral wings) develops into thymus.

Front 173

Branchial pouch derivatives develops into inferior parathyroids.

Back 173

3rd pouch (dorsal wings)

Front 174

Branchial pouch derivatives develops into thymus.

Back 174

3rd pouch (ventral wings)

Front 175

Branchial pouch derivatives 4th pouch

Back 175

develops into superior parathyroids.

Front 176

Branchial pouch derivatives develops into superior parathyroids.

Back 176

4th pouch

Front 177

Branchial pouch Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches →

Back 177

DiGeorge syndrome

Front 178

Branchial derivatives DiGeorge syndrome

Back 178

Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches

Front 179

Thyroid development arises from and movement

Back 179

Thyroid diverticulum arises from floor of primitive pharynx, descends into neck.

Front 180

Thyroid development WRT tounge

Back 180

Connected to tongue by thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid.

Front 181

Thyroid development wrt normal remnant

Back 181

persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid. Foramen cecum is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct.

Front 182

Most common ectopic thyroid tissue

Back 182

the tongue.

Front 183

Cleft lip

Back 183

failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate).

Front 184

failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate).

Back 184

Cleft lip

Front 185

Cleft palate

Back 185

failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).

Front 186

failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).

Back 186

Cleft palate

Front 187

Diaphragm embryology derivations

Back 187

Several Parts Build Diaphragm. 1. Septum transversum 2. Pleuroperitoneal folds 3. Body wall 4. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus

Front 188

Diaphragm migration

Back 188

Diaphragm descends during development but maintains innervation from C3–C5. “C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive.”

Front 189

Pancreas is derived from the

Back 189

foregut

Front 190

Pancreas where the different parts derive from

Back 190

Ventral pancreatic bud becomes pancreatic head, uncinate process (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct. Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes everything else (body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct).

Front 191

Spleen arises from/blood supply

Back 191

dorsal mesentery but is supplied by artery of foregut.

Front 192

Annular pancreas

Back 192

ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle duodenum;forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.

Front 193

ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle duodenum;forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.

Back 193

Annular pancreas

Front 194

borders from foregut to hind gut

Back 194

1. Foregut––pharynx to duodenum 2. Midgut––duodenum to transverse colon 3. Hindgut––distal transverse colon to rectum

Front 195

Kidney embryology

Back 195

1. Pronephros––week 4 then degenerates 2. Mesonephros––first trimester then contributes to male genital system 3. Metanephros––permanent

Front 196

Mesonephric (wolffian) duct becomes

Back 196

SEED. Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens.

Front 197

Mesonephric duct aka

Back 197

wolffian duct

Front 198

wolffian duct aka

Back 198

Mesonephric duct

Front 199

Paramesonephric duct aka

Back 199

müllerian duct

Front 200

müllerian duct aka

Back 200

Paramesonephric duct

Front 201

Paramesonephric (müllerian) duct becomes

Back 201

Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.

Front 202

Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.

Back 202

Paramesonephric (müllerian) duct

Front 203

Develops into Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens.

Back 203

Mesonephric (wolffian) duct

Front 204

Müllerian inhibiting substance secreted by/for

Back 204

by testes suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males.

Front 205

↑ androgens cause development of ?????? ducts.

Back 205

Mesonephric (wolffian) duct

Front 206

what cause development of mesonephric ducts.

Back 206

↑ androgens

Front 207

Male detrmining gene and process

Back 207

SRY gene on Y Chr codes for testis-determining factor. leads to Müllerian inhibiting substance secreted by testes suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males.

Front 208

male homolog of Glans clitoris

Back 208

Glans penis

Front 209

male homolog of Vestibular bulbs

Back 209

Corpus spongiosum

Front 210

male homolog of Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)

Back 210

Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)

Front 211

male homolog of Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)

Back 211

Prostate gland

Front 212

male homolog of Labia minora

Back 212

Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

Front 213

male homolog of Labia majora

Back 213

Scrotum

Front 214

female homolog of Glans penis

Back 214

Glans clitoris

Front 215

female homolog of Corpus spongiosum

Back 215

Vestibular bulbs

Front 216

female homolog of Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)

Back 216

Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)

Front 217

female homolog of Prostate gland

Back 217

Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)

Front 218

female homolog of Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

Back 218

Labia minora

Front 219

female homolog of Scrotum

Back 219

Labia majora

Front 220

Male/female genital homologues what drives it towards male vs female

Back 220

Dihydrotestosterone vs Estrogen

Front 221

In the male what does the Genital tubercle become

Back 221

Glans penis

Front 222

In the male what does the Urogenital sinus become

Back 222

-Corpus spongiosum -Bulbourethral gland (of Cowper) -Prostate gland

Front 223

In the male what does the Urogenital folds become

Back 223

Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

Front 224

In the male what does the Labioscrotal swelling become

Back 224

Scrotum

Front 225

In the female what does the Genital tubercle become

Back 225

Glans clitoris

Front 226

In the female what does the Urogenital sinus become

Back 226

-Vestibular bulbs -Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) -Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)

Front 227

In the female what does the Urogenital folds become

Back 227

Labia minora

Front 228

In the female what does the Labioscrotal swelling become

Back 228

Labia majora