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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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morulla---blastula----gastrula |
cycle |
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blastula |
trophoblasts-turn into placenta inner cell mass-- organism |
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ectoderm |
epidermis, hair, nail, nervous system, lens of eye |
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mesoderm |
muscular system, circulatory, excretory |
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endoderm |
respiratory/digestive tracts, pancreas, thyroid, blader |
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neural tube |
becomes CNS |
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neural crest cells |
PNS |
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totipotent |
all 3 germ layers and placeta |
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pluripotent |
all 3 germ layers |
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multipotent |
only some cell types |
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ductus arteriousus |
bypasses lungs |
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ductus venuousus |
bypass liver |
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foramen ovale |
bypass lungs |
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pathway of air |
nares--pharynx---larynx--trachea |
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negative pressure breathing |
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing volume of intrapleural space which decreases intrapleural pressure (expands lungs) |
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residual volume |
what remains in lungs after you completely exhale |
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Vital capacity |
difference between minimum and max volume of air in lungs |
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tidal volume |
volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath |
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expiratory reserve volume
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volume of additional air that can be frcibly exhaled after normal exhalation |
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inspiratory reserve volume
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volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation |
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fix metabolic acidosis |
increase respiration rate |
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site of blood storage and activation of B-cells |
spleen *B-cells mature in bone marrow* |
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T-cells mature in the |
thymus |
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cell-mediated immunity |
driven by T-cells |
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humoral immunity |
driven by B-cells and antibodies |
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alternative pathway |
doesnt involve antibodies |
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interferons |
cells that have been infected with viruses and prevent viral replication |
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MHC-1 |
nucleated cells and endogenous (in cell) |
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MHC-2 |
antigen presenting cells and exogenuous antigens |
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disulfide linkages hold heavy and light chains of |
antibodies |
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Helper T-cells secrete_____to coordinate immune response |
lymphokines (CD4: better at fighting extracellular) MHC-2 for CD4 helper t cells |
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cytoxic t-cells (CD8) |
better at fighting intracellular MHC-1 for CD8 cytoxic t cells |
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passive immunity |
antibodies transferred to individual |
