Effective Communication

Front 1

What is principle 1 of the five communication principles for a lifetime?

Back 1

Be aware of our communication with yourself and others

Front 2

What is principle 2 of the five communication principles for a lifetime?

Back 2

Effectively use and interpret verbal messages

Front 3

What is principle 3 of the five communication principles for a lifetime:?

Back 3

Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages

Front 4

What is principle 4 of the five communication principles for a lifetime?

Back 4

Listen and respond thoughtfully to others

Front 5

What is principle 5 of the five communication principles for a lifetime?

Back 5

Appropriately adapt messages to others

Front 6

What are the benefits of communication?

Back 6

To improve your employability

To improve your relationships

To improve your health

Front 7

What are the top factors in obtaining employment immediately after college?

Back 7

1. oral communication skills

2. written communication skills

3. Listening ability

4. Enthusiam

5. Technical competence

6. Work experience

7. appearance

8. poise

9. resume

10. part time or summer work experience

Front 8

Define communication

Back 8

The process of acting on information

Front 9

Human communication

Back 9

The process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages

Front 10

symbol

Back 10

A word, sound, gesture, or visual image that represents a thought,concept, object, or experience

Front 11

What are the three criteria that communication should follow?

Back 11

The message should be understood as the communicator intended it to be understood.

The message should achieve the communicator's intended effect.

The message should be ethical

Front 12

ethics

Back 12

the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right or wrong

Front 13

source

Back 13

The originator of a thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver

Front 14

encoding

Back 14

the process of translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts into code.

Front 15

decoding

Back 15

the process of interpreting ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code

Front 16

receiver

Back 16

The person who decodes a message and attempts to make sense of what the source has encoded

Front 17

message

Back 17

written, spoken and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning

Front 18

channel

Back 18

the pathway through which messages are sent

Front 19

noise

Back 19

Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message

Front 20

feedback

Back 20

the response to a message

Front 21

context

Back 21

the physical, historical, and psychological communication environment

Front 22

Human communication as action

Back 22

human communication is linear, with meaning sent or transferred from source to receiver

Front 23

human communication as interaction

Back 23

human communication occurs as the receiver of the message responds to the source through feedback. This interactive model views communication as a linear sequence of actions and reactions.

Front 24

Human communication as transaction

Back 24

human communication is simultaneously interactive. Meaning is created based on mutual, concurrent sharing of ideas and feelings. This transactive model most accurately describes human communication.

Front 25

mediated communication

Back 25

any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in face-to-face communication

Front 26

What are the four key differences between mediated communication and fact-to-face communication

Back 26

anonymity, personal appearance, distance, and time

Front 27

asynchronous communication

Back 27

communication in which timing is out of sync; there is a time delay between when you send a message and when it is received

Front 28

synchronous communication

Back 28

communication in which message occur in real time-when you speak or write, someone immediately responds to your message

Front 29

content dimension

Back 29

the new information, ideas, or suggested actions that a communicator wishes to express; what is said

Front 30

relationship dimension

Back 30

the aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotions, attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker directs toward others; how something is said

Front 31

rule

Back 31

a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is required or preferred and what behavior is prohibited in a specific situation

Front 32

intrapersonal communication

Back 32

communication that occurs within yourself, including your thoughts and emotions

Front 33

language

Back 33

the system of symbols (words or vocabulary) sturctured by rules (grammar) that makes it possible for people to understand one another

Front 34

nonverbal communication

Back 34

communication by means other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone

Front 35

other-orientated

Back 35

being focused on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining one's personal integrity

Front 36

adapt

Back 36

to adjust both what is communicated and how a message is communicated; to make choices about how best to formulate a message and respond to others to achieve our communication goals

Front 37

interpersonal communication

Back 37

communication that occurs simultaneously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.

Front 38

impersonal communication

Back 38

communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people

Front 39

small group communication

Back 39

the transactive process of creating meaning among three to about fifteen people who share a common purpose, feel a sens of belonging to the group, and exert influence on one another

Front 40

group

Back 40

a collection of people who have a common goal, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence one another

Front 41

dyad

Back 41

two interacting people

Front 42

presentational communication

Back 42

communication that occurs when a speaker addresses a gathering of people to inform, persuade, or entertain them

Front 43

rhetoric

Back 43

the process of using symbols to influence or persuade others

Front 44

mass communication

Back 44

communication accomplished through a medicated message that is sent to many people at the same time

Front 45

organizational communication

Back 45

the study of human communication as it occurs within organizations

Front 46

health communication

Back 46

the study of communication that has an effect on human health.

Front 47

self-awareness

Back 47

the capacity to observe and reflect on one's own mental states

Front 48

symbolic self-awareness

Back 48

a unique human ability to develop and communicate a representation of oneself to others through language

Front 49

self

Back 49

the sum of who you are as a person; your central inner force

Front 50

self-concept

Back 50

your interior identity or subjective description of who you think you are

Front 51

self-image

Back 51

your view of yourself in a particular situation or circumstance

Front 52

what are the three components that are present within one's self-concept

Back 52

attitude, belief, and value

Front 53

attitude

Back 53

a learned predisposition to respond to a person, object or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way

Front 54

belief

Back 54

the way in which you structure your understanding of reality-what is true and what is false

Front 55

value

Back 55

an enduring concept of good and bad or right and wrong

Front 56

material self

Back 56

the element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own

Front 57

social self

Back 57

your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others

Front 58

spiritual self

Back 58

your concept of self based on your beliefs and your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe; also includes your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards

Front 59

avowed identity

Back 59

an identity you assign to yourself and portray

Front 60

ascribed identity

Back 60

an identity assigned to you by others

Front 61

self-relexiveness

Back 61

the human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it

Front 62

self-esteem

Back 62

your assessment of your worth or value as reflected in your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents, and appearance

Front 63

self-concept clarity

Back 63

the extent to which beliefs about oneself are clearly and confidently identified and stable over time

Front 64

gender

Back 64

a cultural construction that includes one's biological sex (male or female), psychological characteristics (feminity, masculinity, androgyny), attitudes about the sexes, and sexual orientation

Front 65

social comparison

Back 65

process of comparing oneself to others to measure one's worth

Front 66

self-expectations

Back 66

goals you set for yourself;p how you believe you ought to behave and what you ought to accomplish

Front 67

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 67

the notion that predictions about one's future are likely to come true because one believes that they will come true

Front 68

What are the factors that affect self-esteem?

Back 68

Gender, social comparisons, self-expectations, and self-fulfilling prophecies

Front 69

narcissism

Back 69

an inflated view of self, especially about one's own power and importance

Front 70

intrapersonal communication

Back 70

how you take in stimuli in the environment or information and make sense of it; also, thoughts and ideas that you say to yourself

Front 71

self-talk

Back 71

inner speech; communication with the self

Front 72

visualization

Back 72

the technique of imagining that you are performing a particular task in a certain way; a method of enhancing self-esteem

Front 73

reframing

Back 73

the process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view

Front 74

What are the strategies for enhancing self-esteem?

Back 74

engage in positive self-talk, visualize, reframe, develop honest relationships, surround yourself with positive people, lose your baggage

Front 75

perception

Back 75

the arousal of any of your senses

Front 76

attention

Back 76

the act of perceiving stimuli in your environment

Front 77

selection

Back 77

the act of choosing specific stimuli in your environment to focus on

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organization

Back 78

converting information into convenient, understandable, and efficient patterns that allow us to make sense of what we have observed

Front 79

closure

Back 79

the perceptual process of filling in missing information

Front 80

What are the three stages of the perception process?

Back 80

attention and selection, organization, and interpretation

Front 81

interpretation

Back 81

attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized

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sterotypes

Back 82

a generalization applied to persons perceived to have attributes common to a particular group

Front 83

indirect perception checking

Back 83

using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute your interpretations of someone's behavior

Front 84

direct perception checking

Back 84

asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you perceive are correct

Front 85

meaning

Back 85

a person's interpretation of a symbol

Front 86

bypassing

Back 86

A communication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people.

Front 87

denotative meaning

Back 87

The restrictive, or literal, meaning of a word.

Front 88

connotative meaning

Back 88

The personal and subjective meaning of a word.

Front 89

concrete meaning

Back 89

Meaning that refers to something that can be perceived with one of the senses.

Front 90

abstract meaning

Back 90

Meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived or experienced with one of the senses.

Front 91

culture

Back 91

A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, rules, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next.

Front 92

neologism

Back 92

A new term introduced into a language.

Front 93

code switching

Back 93

Practice of using one form of language and then switching to another form, usually seamlessly.

Front 94

What do the power of words have?

Back 94

create and label experience, affect thoughts and actions, communicate feelings, shape and reflect culture, make and break relationships

Front 95

allness

Back 95

A word barrier created through the use of language that reflects unqualified, often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences or variations.

Front 96

sexist (exclusive) language

Back 96

Language that reveals bias in favor of one sex and against another.

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heterosexist language

Back 97

Language that reveals an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if homosexuality or bisexuality did not exist.

Front 98

homophobic language

Back 98

Language that overtly denigrates persons of nonheterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian.

Front 99

generic language

Back 99

General terms that stand for all persons or things within a given category.

Front 100

What should be avoided when confronting bias in language?

Back 100

race, ethnicity, and nationality; religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, class, and ability

Front 101

supportive communication

Back 101

Language that creates a climate of trust, caring, and acceptance.

Front 102

defensive communication

Back 102

Language that creates a climate of hostility and mistrust.

Front 103

polarization

Back 103

The tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground existed.

Front 104

trigger words

Back 104

Forms of language that arouse strong emotions in listeners.

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empathy

Back 105

The ability to understand and feel what another person is feeling.

Front 106

expectancy violations model

Back 106

A model that suggests that we develop rules or expectations for appropriate nonverbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated.

Front 107

perception checking

Back 107

The skill of asking other observers or the person being observed whether your interpretation of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate.

Front 108

artifact

Back 108

Clothing or another element of appearance (e.g., jewelry, tattoos, piercings, makeup, cologne).

Front 109

kinesics

Back 109

Human movements, gestures, and posture.

Front 110

emblem

Back 110

A nonverbal cue that has a specific, generally understood meaning in a given culture and may substitute for a word or phrase.

Front 111

illustrator

Back 111

A nonverbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message and complements, contradicts, or accents it.

Front 112

affect display

Back 112

A nonverbal behavior that communicates emotions.

Front 113

regulator

Back 113

A nonverbal behavior that helps control the interaction or level of communication between people.

Front 114

adaptor

Back 114

A nonverbal behavior that helps satisfy a personal need and allows a person to adapt or respond to the immediate situation.

Front 115

haptics

Back 115

The study of human touch.

Front 116

touch ethic

Back 116

A person’s own guidelines or standards as to appropriate and inappropriate touch.

Front 117

paralanguage (vocalics)

Back 117

Nonverbal aspects of voice (e.g., pitch, rate, volume, use of silence).

Front 118

proxemics

Back 118

The study of how close or far away from people and objects we position ourselves.

Front 119

territoriality

Back 119

The study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space.

Front 120

territorial marker

Back 120

A thing or action that signifies that an area has been claimed.

Front 121

What are codes of nonverbal communication?

Back 121

appearance, body movement, gestures, and posture, eye contact, facial expressions, touch, voice, environment, space, and territory

Front 122

immediacy

Back 122

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness.

Front 123

arousal

Back 123

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of interest and excitement.

Front 124

dominance

Back 124

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate power, status, and control.

Front 125

hearing

Back 125

The physiological process of decoding sounds.

Front 126

listening

Back 126

A complex process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages, which involves selecting, attending, understanding, remembering, and responding.

Front 127

select

Back 127

To focus on one sound as you sort through various sounds competing for your attention.

Front 128

attend

Back 128

To maintain a sustained focus on a particular message.

Front 129

understand

Back 129

To assign meaning to messages.

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remember

Back 130

To recall information.

Front 131

asynchronous listening

Back 131

Listening to recorded messages, such as those on an answering machine or voice mail, which do not allow an opportunity for you to get a response to your feedback.

Front 132

When listening to a recorded message, you should do what?

Back 132

Focus, mentally summarize, and increase redundancy

Front 133

When recording a message you should do what?

Back 133

slow down, keep it short, and leave follow up information

Front 134

respond

Back 134

To confirm your understanding of a message.

Front 135

listening style

Back 135

A person’s preferred way of making sense out of messages.

Front 136

relational listeners

Back 136

Those who prefer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others verbally and nonverbally.

Front 137

analytical listeners

Back 137

Those who withhold judgment, listen to all sides of an issue, and wait until they hear the facts before reaching a conclusion.

Front 138

critical listeners

Back 138

Those who prefer to listen for the facts and evidence to support key ideas and an underlying logic; they also listen for errors, inconsistencies, and discrepancies.

Front 139

second guessing

Back 139

Questioning the assumptions underlying a message.

Front 140

task-oriented listeners

Back 140

Those who look at the overall structure of the message to see what action needs to be taken; they also like efficient, clear, and briefer messages.

Front 141

emotional noise

Back 141

A form of communication noise caused by emotional arousal.

Front 142

What are four information-processing listening barriers?

Back 142

processing rate, information overload, receiver apprehension and shifting attention.

Front 143

receiver apprehension

Back 143

The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the messages spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others.

Front 144

anticipatory communication

Back 144

A listening process in which the listener guesses the speaker’s needs and accommodates them so that the speaker does not have to say what he or she wants.

Front 145

noise

Back 145

Anything that interferes with your ability to listen to a message.

Front 146

social decentering

Back 146

Stepping away from your own thoughts and attempting to experience the thoughts of another.

Front 147

meta-message

Back 147

The message about the message.

Front 148

paraphrasing

Back 148

Checking the accuracy of your understanding by restating your partner’s message in your own words.

Front 149

social support

Back 149

Sensitive and empathic listening, followed by messages of comfort or confirmation, that lets a person know that he or she is understood and valued.

Front 150

androgynous

Back 150

Exhibiting both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Front 151

globalization

Back 151

The integration of economics and technology that is contributing to a worldwide, interconnected business environment.

Front 152

co-culture

Back 152

A culture that exists within a larger cultural context (e.g., GLBT cultures, Amish culture).

Front 153

intercultural communication

Back 153

Communication between people who have different cultural traditions.

Front 154

culture shock

Back 154

Feelings of confusion, loss, stress, and anxiety that a person may experience when encountering a culture different from his or her own.

Front 155

worldview

Back 155

A perspective shared by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, which influences interaction with others; the lens through which people in a given culture perceive the world around them.

Front 156

cultural context

Back 156

Additional information about a message that is communicated through nonverbal and environmental cues rather than through language.

Front 157

high-context culture

Back 157

A culture in which people derive much information from nonverbal and environmental cues and less information from the words of a message.

Front 158

low-context culture

Back 158

A culture in which people derive much information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal and environmental cues.

Front 159

cultural values

Back 159

Whatever a given group of people values or appreciates.

Front 160

collectivistic culture

Back 160

culture that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement.

Front 161

individualistic culture

Back 161

A culture that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments.

Front 162

masculine culture

Back 162

A culture that values achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth, and traditional male and female roles.

Front 163

feminine culture

Back 163

A culture that values being sensitive toward others and fostering harmonious personal relationships with others.

Front 164

ethnocentrism

Back 164

The belief that one’s own cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others.

Front 165

ethnorelative cultural perspective

Back 165

An appreciation for and sensitivity to cultural differences.

Front 166

intercultural communication competence

Back 166

The ability to adapt one’s behavior toward another person in ways that are appropriate to the other person’s culture.

Front 167

ethnocentric cultural perspective

Back 167

The view that one’s own culture is superior to all other cultures.

Front 168

interpersonal communication

Back 168

Communication that occurs between two people who simultaneously attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.

Front 169

mediated communication

Back 169

Communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in face-to-face encounters.

Front 170

mediated interpersonal communication

Back 170

Communication that occurs when two people attempt to mutually influence each other through the use of a mediated channel, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.

Front 171

impersonal communication

Back 171

Communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people.

Front 172

relationship of circumstance

Back 172

A relationship that forms situationally, simply because one life overlaps with another in some way.

Front 173

relationship of choice

Back 173

A relationship that is sought out and intentionally developed.

Front 174

interpersonal attraction

Back 174

The degree to which one desires to form or maintain an interpersonal relationship with another person.

Front 175

short-term initial attraction

Back 175

The degree of potential for developing an interpersonal relationship with someone.

Front 176

long-term maintenance attraction

Back 176

The level of liking or positive feeling that motivates one to maintain or escalate a relationship.

Front 177

matching hypothesis

Back 177

The theory that one tends to seek out individuals who represent the same level of physical attractiveness as oneself.

Front 178

immediacy

Back 178

Nonverbal cues, such as eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation, that communicate feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness.

Front 179

uncertainty-reduction theory

Back 179

A driving human motivation to increase predictability by reducing the unknown in one’s circumstances.

Front 180

passive strategy

Back 180

A noncommunicative strategy for reducing uncertainty by observing others and situations.

Front 181

active strategy

Back 181

A communicative strategy for reducing uncertainty by getting information from a third party.

Front 182

interactive strategy

Back 182

A strategy of communicating directly with the source who has the greatest potential to reduce one’s uncertainty.

Front 183

conversational narcissism (self-absorbed communicator style)

Back 183

A dominating communication style in which one focuses attention on oneself.

Front 184

reciprocity

Back 184

Sharing information about oneself with another person, with the expectation that the other person will share information that is similar in risk or depth.

Front 185

social penetration model

Back 185

A model of self-disclosure that asserts that both the breadth and the depth of information shared with another person increase as the relationship develops.

Front 186

Johari Window

Back 186

A model that explains how self-disclosure varies from relationship to relationship; the model reflects various stages of relational development, degrees of self-awareness, and others’ perceptions.

Front 187

pre-interaction awareness stage

Back 187

The stage of becoming aware of one’s attraction to another person and observing that person but not actually interacting.

Front 188

initiation stage

Back 188

The first contact with a person with whom one desires a relationship; usually characterized by asking and answering questions.

Front 189

exploration stage

Back 189

The stage that involves more in-depth interactions.

Front 190

intensification stage

Back 190

The stage in which partners begin to depend on each other for self-confirmation; characterized by more shared activities, more time spent together, more intimate physical distance and contact, and personalized language.

Front 191

intimacy stage

Back 191

The stage in which partners provide primary confirmation of each other’s self-concept; characterized by highly personalized and synchronized verbal and nonverbal communication.

Front 192

turmoil stage

Back 192

The stage characterized by increased conflict, less mutual acceptance, a tense communication climate, and an unclear relationship definition.

Front 193

stagnation stage

Back 193

The stage in which a relationship loses its vitality, partners begin to take each other for granted, and communication and physical contact decline.

Front 194

de-intensification stage

Back 194

The stage involving significantly decreased interaction, increased distance, and decreased dependence on one’s partner for self-confirmation.

Front 195

individualization stage

Back 195

The stage in which partners define their lives more as individuals and less as a couple.

Front 196

separation stage

Back 196

The stage in which individuals make an intentional decision to minimize or eliminate further interpersonal interaction.

Front 197

post-interaction stage

Back 197

The bottom, or final, stage in relational de-escalation, which represents the lasting effects of a relationship on the self.

Front 198

postdissolutional relationship

Back 198

The relationship formed between dating partners after their romance terminates.

Front 199

relational dialectics

Back 199

A perspective that views interpersonal relationships as constantly changing rather than stable and that revolves around how relational partners manage tensions.

Front 200

cyberinfidelity

Back 200

Online sexual activity outside of one’s in-person, monogamous relationship.

Front 201

interpersonal conflict

Back 201

A struggle that occurs when two people cannot agree on a way to meet their needs.

Front 202

constructive conflict

Back 202

Conflict characterized by cooperation in dealing with differences; helps build new insights and patterns in a relationship.

Front 203

destructive conflict

Back 203

Conflict characterized by a lack of cooperation in dealing with differences; dismantles relationships without restoring them.

Front 204

pseudoconflict

Back 204

Conflict stemming from a lack of understanding.

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simple conflict

Back 205

Conflict over differences in ideas, definitions, perceptions, or goals.

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ego conflict

Back 206

Conflict based on personal issues in which people attack each other’s self-esteem.

Front 207

serial arguments

Back 207

Argumentative episodes focused on the same issue that occur at least twice.

Front 208

irresolvable (intractable) conflict

Back 208

A conflict that one or both parties deem impossible to resolve.

Front 209

interpersonal power

Back 209

The ability to influence another in the direction one desires; getting another person to do what one wants.

Front 210

complementary relationship

Back 210

A relationship in which one partner willingly and continuously cedes power to the other.

Front 211

symmetrical relationship

Back 211

A relationship characterized by similar control behaviors in partners; partners compete to dominate each other or both relinquish control to the other to avoid making decisions.

Front 212

parallel relationship

Back 212

A relationship in which power continually shifts from one partner to the other.

Front 213

assertive communication

Back 213

Communication that takes a listener’s feelings and rights into account.

Front 214

aggressive communication

Back 214

Self-serving communication that does not take a listener’s feelings and rights into account.

Front 215

nonconfrontational style

Back 215

A conflict management style that involves backing off, avoiding conflict, or giving in to the other person.

Front 216

confrontational style

Back 216

A win–lose approach to conflict management in which one person wants control and to win at the expense of the other.

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cooperative style

Back 217

A conflict management style in which conflict is viewed as a set of problems to be solved rather than as a competition in which one person wins and another loses.

Front 218

small group

Back 218

Three to fifteen people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and exert influence on one another.

Front 219

small group communication

Back 219

The transactive process of creating meaning among three to fifteen people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and exert influence on each other.

Front 220

primary group

Back 220

A group, such as a family, that exists to fulfill basic human needs.

Front 221

social group

Back 221

A group that exists to provide opportunities for group members to enjoy an activity in the company of others.

Front 222

secondary group

Back 222

A group formed to accomplish a specific task or goal.

Front 223

bona fide perspective

Back 223

A perspective that focuses on how groups actually operate within organizations.

Front 224

task role

Back 224

A role that helps a group achieve its goal and accomplish its work.

Front 225

social role

Back 225

A role that helps a group manage relationships and affects the group climate.

Front 226

individual role

Back 226

A role that focuses attention on the individual rather than on the group.

Front 227

monochronic time perspective

Back 227

Preferring to do one thing at a time, to pay attention to deadlines and schedules, and to use time efficiently.

Front 228

Preferring to do one thing at a time, to pay attention to deadlines and schedules, and to use time efficiently.

Back 228

Preferring to do many things at once, to place less emphasis on deadlines and schedules, and to consider relationships to be more important than work and meeting deadlines.

Front 229

legitimate power

Back 229

Power that stems from being elected or appointed to a position of authority.

Front 230

referent power

Back 230

Power that stems from being liked.

Front 231

expert power

Back 231

Power derived from having expertise and information.

Front 232

reward power

Back 232

Power that comes from the ability to provide rewards or favors.

Front 233

coercive power

Back 233

Power that stems from being able to punish others.

Front 234

cohesiveness

Back 234

The degree of attraction group members feel toward one another and toward their group.

Front 235

communication interaction pattern

Back 235

A consistent pattern of who talks to whom.

Front 236

group deviate

Back 236

A group member who holds an opinion, attitude, or belief that is different from that of other group members.

Front 237

orientation phase

Back 237

The first phase of group interaction, in which members become adjusted to one another and to the group’s task.

Front 238

primary tension

Back 238

Tension arising from the uncertainty and discomfort that occur when a group first meets.

Front 239

secondary tension

Back 239

The conflict that occurs, after the members of a group have become acquainted with one another, over group norms, roles, leadership, and differences among member opinions.

Front 240

emergence phase

Back 240

The third phase of group interaction, in which conflict or disagreement is managed, decisions are made, and group problems begin to be solved or managed.

Front 241

conflict phase

Back 241

The second phase of group interaction, in which group members experience some degree of disagreement about social and task issues.

Front 242

reinforcement phase

Back 242

The fourth phase of group interaction, in which group members express positive feelings toward one another and toward the group.

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functional approach

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An approach to group problem solving that assumes that, to achieve a group goal, group members should perform certain communication functions.

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vigilant thinker

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A group member who pays attention to the process of how problems are solved, is sensitive to the need to make changes, identifies the goal of the group, identifies options the group has, and evaluates the positive and negative implications of the options.

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results-driven structure

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A structure that causes a group to focus its efforts on the actions it needs to take to achieve its goals.

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reflective thinking

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A problem-solving process based on the scientific method.

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force field analysis technique

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A method of analyzing a problem or issue by identifying forces that increase the likelihood that the desired goal will occur (driving forces) and forces that decrease the probability that the goal will occur (restraining forces).

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silent brainstorming (nominal group technique)

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A method of generating creative ideas; group members brainstorm individually and write down their ideas before meeting together to share them.

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groupthink

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A faulty sense of agreement that occurs when members of a group fail to challenge an idea; a false consensus reached when conflict is minimized and group members do not express concerns or reservations about an idea or proposal.

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trait approach to leadership

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view of leadership that identifies specific qualities or characteristics of effective leaders.

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functional approach to leadership

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A view of leadership that identifies the key task and process roles that need to be performed in a group.

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task function

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A leadership behavior that helps a group accomplish its job.

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process function

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A leadership behavior that helps maintain a positive group climate.

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styles approach to leadership

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A view of leadership that identifies three methods of interacting when leading others: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire.

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authoritarian leader

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One who leads by directing, controlling, telling, and ordering others.

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democratic leader

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One who leads by developing a consensus among group members; a leader who asks for input and then uses the input when leading and making decisions.

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laissez-faire leader

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One who fails to lead or who leads or exerts influence only when asked or directed by the group.

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situational approach to leadership

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A view of leadership as an interactive process in which a leader gauges how to lead based on such factors as the quality of the relationships among group members, the power of the leader, the nature of the task, and the maturity of the group.

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surface-level diversity

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Human differences that are easily visible to us, such as differences in ethnicity, race, age, sex, gender, and other social and observable features.

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deep-level diversity

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Human differences that aren’t always visible on the surface, such as differences in attitudes, opinions, values, information, culture, and other factors that take time to become evident in groups.

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transformational approach to leadership

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A view of leadership that defines a leader as one who leads by shaping the vision of the group and by developing trust through quality interpersonal relationships with group members.

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quorum

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The minimum number of persons who must be present at a meeting to conduct business.

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metadiscussion

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Discussion about the discussion process; comments that help the group remain focused on the goals of the group or that point out how the group is doing its work.

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“I” message

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A message in which you state your perspective or point of view.

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“you” message

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A message that is likely to create defensiveness in others because it emphasizes how another person has created a problem rather than describing the problem from one’s own perspective (“I” message).

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illusion of transparency

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The mistaken belief that the physical manifestations of a speaker’s nervousness are apparent to an audience.

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systematic desensitization

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An anxiety management strategy that includes general relaxation techniques and visualization of success.

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performance visualization

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An anxiety management strategy that involves viewing a videotape of a successful presentation and imagining oneself delivering that presentation.

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Boolean search

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A web search that ties words together so that a search engine can hunt for the resulting phrase.