Education Psychology Final: Byu-Idaho Ed304

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cognitive psychologists

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look at changes in behavior, organization, and thinking

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behaviorists

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look only at changes in behavior

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saving what we learn.

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Storage is the act of...

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Encoding

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putting new information into a format that we can store it most easily.

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Retrieval

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pulling up information from our neural pathways.

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Sensory Register

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filters out unimportant sensory inputs

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one

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We can pay attention to _____ task(s) that take thought at a time.

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called Tom’s name and then asked the question.

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Mr. McFarland asks Tom a question, and then asks Emmy for her opinion, but Emmy has no idea what the question was. It is likely that Mr. McFarland

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positive effect on students’ attention.

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teacher enthusiasm toward the subject matter he/she is teaching has...

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one minute per year of the student’s age.

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We can expect students to pay attention to a lecture-type presentation for approximately

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as long as we are actively thinking about it.

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We can retain information in our working memory for

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We retain things in our short-term memory only as long as we actively think about them

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Working memory is a useful synonym for short-term memory because it reminds us that

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longterm memory

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We consider anything that we can remember for more than forty-eight hours to be part of our ______ memory.

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long term memory

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has almost unlimited capacity for practical purposes

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“Either-or” processes

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Which is not generally considered to be a way in which we encode information for storage?

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the concepts do not have personal meaning for him.

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Henry seems interested in the material that is presented in class, and as long as he is in class he seems to understand what is happening; however, within minutes of leaving the class, he seems to lose his understanding of all of the concepts that were presented. His problem is probably that

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connect new concepts to existing neural pathways

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To be personally meaningful, learning must

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organized in a way the makes sense to the student.

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Students are more likely to retain information that is

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it can help them to become aware of gaps in their own thinking and motivate them to learn more.

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Working together with other students to understand new material is helpful because

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Mary is constructing new knowledge from the little bit she remembers about Socrates and her general knowledge about the role of Greek philosophers

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Mary, usually a dedicated student, is taking a world history class that emphasizes the foundations of Western thought. When asked to identify Socrates on her test on ancient Greece, she wrote: “Socrates was a philosopher who went around giving people advice; they killed him for it.” It is probable that

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People often make reconstruction errors based on what they’ve seen and what seems logical to their brains.

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Courts have increasingly found eyewitness identification of a suspect to be inaccurate. Which of the following might be a reason that this is true?

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undergeneralization

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overly narrow view of the objects or events that a concept includes

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provide the students with the defining features of the concept.

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Which of the following is a valid technique for teaching a concept

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include flightless birds in exam

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In class, when Mrs. McDonald asked Andrea for an example of a bird, she responded with a sparrow, but on the test, Andrea failed to recognize a penguin as a bird. Which of the following might Mrs. McDonald have done to help her students form a more complete concept of what it is to be a bird?

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Wendy's schema of how a typical beach looks includes shells.

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Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using cognitive psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Wendy's response

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Children develop general belief systems about how things are and should be.

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What best describes a worldview?

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One way to help students to avoid developing misconceptions is

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One way to help students to avoid developing misconceptions is

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revising misconceptions

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Many elementary school children think of human vision as a process that originates in the eye and goes outward toward objects that are seen. When students revise their thinking to be more consistent with commonly accepted scientific explanations, they are

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undergeneralizing

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When Marcus learned that sea stars (starfish) are echinoderms, he imagined that all echinoderms must look like these animals. Marcus was demonstrating a/an

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script

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schema that invovles a predictable seqence of events related to a common activity

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schema

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tightly organized facts about a certain topic

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words

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Early in their development, children learn to represent concepts with

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Sylvia is beginning to understand more abstract characteristics of the term “brother.”

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Sylvia first uses the word “brother” to represent any older sibling in her home, then to represent older children at home, and finally, she learns to distinguish between true siblings and men in the Church for whom she has learned to use Brother as a term of respect.

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Organize related schema into a general understanding of a complete phenomenon

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A personal theory is developed as children

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his script of surviving in the wilderness is much different than that of his teacher and classmates

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Faisal doesn’t understand his teacher’s explanation of the Donner party because he doesn’t understand the difficulties involved crossing the Rocky Mountains. He seems to be missing critical details that were implied, but not spelled out by the text book or by the teacher’s explanations. One possible reason for this may be that

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creating disequilibrium for her so that she can learn the correct explanation.

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When Stephanie’s teacher learns that she is afraid that her sister may die because she is participating in the Red Cross Blood drive, the teacher tells Stephanie that he gives blood to the Red Cross every year, and then takes Stephanie to the local office of the Red Cross and shows her the record of the number of times that he has given blood. He is helping Stephanie to correct her misconception by

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Require that the students say the list over and over

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Your students need to know all of the bones in the body. What is the least effective technique helping them to learn the bones?

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Mnemonics

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also known as memory aides

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Decay

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gradual weakening of stored information

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Read the text information several times just before the test.

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What is least effective suggestion for helping a student prepare for a test

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attention and the sensory register

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After her home is burglarized, Mary notices whether or not there are dead bolts on all of the doors she sees. This is an example of

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fluid intelligence, practical intelligence and creativity

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Eliane is driving home to Portland for the Christma holiday. On a deserted stretch of freeway, she has a flat tire. She opens her trunk and sees that she has a spare tire and a lug wrench, but no jack. She doesn't want to pay for a tow truck, and she is so far out in the middle of nowhere that she doesn't think that anyone she knows could get to her before she figures out a way to take care of the problem herself. She looks around until she finds a long sturdy branch that has fallen to the ground and big rock.She removes the lug nuts from the rim and then uses the erock as a fulcrum and the branch as a lever to raise the car until the tire falls off. then she uses hte flat tire as a stand to rest the car on and installs the spare. Finally, she puts the car in neutral, raises it with the lever and pushes it off the tire. We could best decribe her behavior as...

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encourages them to approach teaching a concept through a variety of inputs

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the power of Gardner's Theory of multiple intelligences for teachers lies in the fact that it

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bodily kinesthetic

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Gardner would say that a person who can remember anything if he/she acts it out should score very highly in ______________ intelligences

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spatial

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a person who enjoys setting up displays for department store show windows likely has a high __________________ intelligence

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Fluid Intelligences

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as adults get older, which of the following types of intelligence seems to be less apparent in their actions?

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increase her scores on standard IQ tests

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Moving a child from a culturally minimal environment to an enriched environment tends to...

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to ask students a question and require an answer without giving time to think about it

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One technique for increasing automaticity is

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raw, native intelligence

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IQ tests seldom measure...

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the student's attitude toward class activities

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When we are trying to ascertain a student's intelligence, what would be the least useful?

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heredity

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The fact that identical twins who are reared in very different environments will have more similar IQ test scores that fraternal twins in similar circumstances lends credence to the idea that ________plays a part in the development of intelligence.

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encourage the students to evaluate their own work as it progresses as a finished project

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when we are encouraging students to be creative, we should

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giving tangivle rewards for creative expression

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What technique is the least likely to encourage creative efforts over the long term

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the brain is constantly looking connections, combinations and possibilities

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One reason our ability to make use of past experiences is indicative of intelligence is that

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they don't have the requisite experiences to make connections to the new material

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If students failed to grasp a concept, there is a high probability that

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mirror neurons

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much of the individual's social intelligence is a result of the operations of his or her...

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passion and curiosity

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two until recently overlooks aspects of intelligence are...

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curiosity

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often a student's understanding and retention of material is less a matter of intelligence than it is of...

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increasing their intellectual performance

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Students' understanding of the dynamic nature of intelligence has the net result of

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accomodations

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We refere to the things that we do to help students with special needs compete with their peers who do not have special needs as...

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extend time to accomplish complex tasks

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the single most important accomodation that you can make for a student with special needs is...

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the creator

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creative efforts are best evaluated by

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enjoyable to the creator

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creative effort is...

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throughout the process

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evaluation during creative effort should occur...

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achievement scores of at least one standard deviation below measured IQ

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For the purposes of qualifying for special services a learning disability is defined as...