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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First school for the blind creator and year
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Valentin Haue in 1784
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first school for the blind in the US
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Samuel Gridley Howe 1821
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1832 2 institutions founded
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NY Institute for the Blind and Pennsylvania Inst. for the Instruction of the Blind
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1900 Illinois School for the Blind
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Frank Hall, intigration of students with regular edu
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First two teachers of the blind 1912
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Edward Allen and Robert Irwin
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Guide Dog years
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1918-1925 in ww1
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Hoover Cane
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After Richard Hoover in 1860; Hoover created a mobility system in 1944
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Visual Disabilities Definition from Feds
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Impairments in vision that, even with correction, affect edu performance, access to the community and independance; includes partial sight and blindness
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Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
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a cause of visual disabilities from premaurity where excess oxygen used to help the infant breathe damages the retina
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Technology to help blind kids read
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benetech,bookshare.org,
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Definition of Low Vision
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level of vision, which, with standard correction, hinders an individual in the planning and/or execution of a task, but which permits enhancement of the functional vision through the use of optical or nonoptical devices, environmental modifications and/or techniques
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UN and CDC definition of low vision
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Visual acutiy between 20/70 and 20/400 with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less
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Definition of Blindness
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visual acuity worse than 20/400 with the best possible corection or a visual field of 10 degress or less (CDC)
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Definition of Legally Blind
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Central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye, with best correction, or a diameter of visual field that does not subtend an angle greater than 20 degrees at its widest point
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Cornea
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the transparent, curved part of the front of the eye
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Iris
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colored part of the eye
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pupil
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hole in the center of the iris that expands and contracts admitting light into the eye
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Lens
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the part of the eye, located behind the iris, that brings objects seen into focus
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Accomodation
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the focusing process of the lense of the eye
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Retina
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the inside lining of the eye
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Visual acuity
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sharpness of response to visual, auditory or tactile stimuli (different from having an impaired visual field)
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residual vision
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the amount and degree of vision a person has functional use of, despite a visual disability
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myopia
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nearsightedness
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hyperopia
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farsightedness
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astigmatism
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an eye disorder that produces images on the retina that aren't equally in focus
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amblyopia
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also know as "lazy eye", reduced vision in one eye due to inadequate use during early childhood
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modify strabismus
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improper alignment of the eyes which causes one or both eyes to be crossed in a direction
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strabismus
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improper alignment of the eyes causes two images to be received by the brain, with the possible result of one eye becoming nonfunctional
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nystagmus
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rapid, involuntary movements of the eye interfere with bringing objects into focus
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glaucoma
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fluid in the eye is restricted, causing pressure to build up and damage the retina
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aniridia
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undeveloped irus, due to lack of pigment, results in extreme sensitivity to light
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cataract
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a cloudy film covers the lens of the eye
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diabetic retinopathy
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changes in the eye's blood vessels are caused by diabetes
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macular degeneration
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damage to a small area near the center of the retina results in restricted central vision and difficulties in reading and writing
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retinitis pigmentosa
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genetic eye disease leads progressively to blindness; night blindness is the first symptom
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retinoblastoma
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a tumor that impairs vision
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atrophy
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reduced function of the optic nerve
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congenital blindness
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existing at birth or during infancy
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adventitiously blind
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occuring after age 2
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Teachers of students with visual impairments (TVIs)
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specifically trained and certified teachers who provide direct or consultative special ed services related to the effect of vision loss
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braille
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created in 1824; coded system of embossed dots on paper
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IDEA 04 about Braille
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All IEPS must address braille, services must be delievered without undue delay, it has to be available if that's the way the student learns best, etc
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Prevalence
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1.3 million americans are legally blind ; 10 million with low vision and blindness. Worldwide, only 4% are children. 1 in 4 schoolaged child has impaired vision. .06% receive services
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national number of kids getting services for blindness
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25, 369 from 6-17
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Three barriers to the blind getting technology
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cost, complexity and information
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Snellen Chart
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used to test visual acuity, developed in 1862
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normal field of vision
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160-170 degrees horizontally (20 is legally blind)
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continued blind technology
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cctv, magni-cam, audio input, tactile input, visual input devices, audiodescritpions, APHB, refreshable braille display, etc
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visual input device example
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cctv, magni cam, etc
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audio input device example
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audiodescriptions, aphb (american printing house for the blind), talking ATMs etc
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Tactile input device example
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refreshable braille display,
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O&M instructor
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orientation and mobility
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stats
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57% of blind kids spend 80% of their classroom day in a general ed class.
88% of kids with vision impairment get instruction at neighborhood school |
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expanded core curriculum
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includes skills like orientation and mobility, braille reading, independent living skills, and use of assistive technology
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UDL--universal design for learning
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makes all public places accessible to people with disabilities
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postsecondary options (HEATH 2001)
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all
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More than half of children who are blind...
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...have another disability
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Braille literacy is declining because...
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1. braille instruction isn't uniformly or consistantly available. 2. not enough teachers are proficient at it
3. cognitive disabilities may make it difficult to learn |
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a
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a
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b
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b
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asd
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a group of disorders with similar characteristics including difficulties with communication, social interaction and manneristic behaviors
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three categories of asd
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autism, aspergers and pdd-nos (pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified)
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ASD first identified
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johns hopkins pychiatrist leo kanner in 1943
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1960s asd
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research shows that asd isn't a result of bad parenting but that it was a NEUROBIOLOGICAL PROBLEM WITH A GENETIC BASIS
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Rett Syndrome
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a pervasive developmental disorder with a known genetic cause that only occurs in girls. Steryotypic handwringing , lack of muscle control and communication and social deficits.
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Childhood disintigrative disorder (CDD)
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a pervasive developmental disorder that shows at the age of 5-6; lose already acquired speech,
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ASD definition
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deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive behaviors or interests with unusual responses to sensory stimulation.
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Definition of Autism
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a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communicatoin and social interaction, evident before the age of 3. Repetitive activities, steryotyped movements, hating change, etc.
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50% of autistic kids don't talk but use...
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aac or augmentative or alternative communication like PECS or picture exchange communication system
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steryotypies
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nonproductive behaviors that an individual repeats at a high rate; commonly associated with asd's... also steryotypic behavior
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autistic savant
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an individual who displays many behaviors associated with autism yet also possesses discrete abilities and unusual talents
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asperger syndrome
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cognition is in the average or above-average range... first described by Dr. Hans Asperger. Restricted, unusual interests and problems developing adequate social skills NOT because of a language deficit. Understand language VERY LITERALLY; can't comprehend others' emotions; can't use body language
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PDD NOS
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not all three ASD characterists (problems in communication, social interaction and repetitive or manneristic behaviors)are present, or they are mild.
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prevalence of asd
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1 in 150 kids in the US (CDC).. 10 types higher than the 80s and 90s; .34% of kids 6-21 get services for ASD
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Causes of ASD
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its a neurobiological disorder with a genetic basis. twins are linked; there are lots of myths including vaccines, environmental toxins, vitamin deficiencies, etc. it's LIFELONG
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Early signs of ASD in kids less than 24 months
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family history, poor eye contact, poor responce to voices, doesn't play interactively, more interest in objects than people, decreased babbling, lack of warm, joyful and reciprocating expressions. Kids at 9 months show joint attention normally (mutually interact or share interest in events or objects)
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ASD can be diagnosed as young as
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2
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CHAT
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checklist for autism in toddlers
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teach toddlers with asd to
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pay attention, imitation, making requests, compliance, play with objects, play with others.
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TEACHH
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an intervention program that emphacizes structured teaching for ASD
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behavior analysis
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research methodoligy with single cases from BF Skinner, paradigms describing human behavior in terms of events that stimulate or cause a behavior's occurance, maintains behavior and increases its likelihood (ABA-applied behavior analysis)
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Teaching accomodations for ASD
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structured environment, clear expectations, positive learning environment, clear communication, foster positive participation (concrete examples, arrange tasks they can perform etc)
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positive behavior support
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three-tiered model of support offering progressively more intensive levels of intervention
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functional behavioral assesment
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a process in which interviews, observations, and environmental manipulations are conducted to determine WHY CERTAIN BEHAVIORS OCCUR
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functional communication training
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a strategy to reduce problem behaviors by eaching functionally equivalent alternatives
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social stories
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short stories that describe a specific activity and the behavioral expectations associated with it. VIDEO MODELING is also available.
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AAC; augmentative and alternative communication
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assistive techonology that helps individuals communicate including devices that produce speech
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IDEA early intervention services
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must have an educational component, must promote school readiness, incorperate preliteracy, language and numerical skills,etc
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Part C IDEA law ASD
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serves the family by providing early intervention services until kindergarten;
Part B is for preschool and up |
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DSM-IV-TR
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an asd thing?
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data based, instructional strategies for ASD
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positive behavior support, functional communication training, visual supports and activity schedules, social stories, aac systems such as PECS
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c
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c
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d
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d
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e
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e
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f
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f
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Characteristics of multiple servere disabilities
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problems transferring or generalizing learning from one situtation to another, limited communication abilities, difficulties with memory, needs support for life's major activities needs services
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prevalence of multiple disabilities
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.20% of kids 6-21
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Teaching strategies for MD's
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encourage cooperation and not competiton, give everyone a turn, keep waiting time to a minimum, include everyone in demonstrations etc
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hand over hand
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sign language for deaf-blind where signs are conveyed through touch
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Prevalence of deaf-blind
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about 8000 kids in the US from 6-21 get services
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Genetic cause for deaf-blindness
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usher syndrome = 50% of cases. Born deaf and gradually lose eye sight; problems with walking and other motor functions; balance; recessive X link
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TBI prevalence and definition
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over 1 million kids per year, .04% of kids 6-21; 95% survive. NOT: a condition present at birth, something from a stroke or internal, IS: a head injury, not always visible, may or may not lose consciousness
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alternate achievement standarts, alternate assessments
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states can do up to 1% of their kids that way
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CBI
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community based instruction; stragety of teaching functional skills in the environments in which they occur
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all of multiple disabilities %
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1% of kids in school (TBI, mulitiple-severe, deaf blindness)
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gifted history
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3000BC egyptians; indus civilization 2400-1800 BC in city architecture planning, ancient Greece=athletics and fine arts, China=literary works and music etc.
Western culture=Charles Darwin started it in mid 1800s |
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IQ test
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alfred binet 1905
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school for gifted
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speyer school
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1957 gifted
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russia launched sputnik; 1960s=civil rights movement, gifted was seen as elitist and separatist (IDEA PASSED IN 1957 NO GIFTED FUNDS).
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1988 congress gifted act
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jacob javits gifted and talented education act--no guarantees for funds or national mandate, but it provides some money (only 7.5 million nationally)
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People who studied the gifted
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louis terman 1925-- definition is all intelligence and it's fixed for life
Mary Frasier--potential to exel at the upper end of any talent continuum |
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Howard Gardiner's 8 multiple intelligences
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linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist. (existential intelligence may be added)
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gifted definition official
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kids who posess abilities of high performance capability in intellecutal, creative, specific academic or leadership, performing or visual arts. (3-5% minimum of school population)
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The five traits of giftedness
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Intellectual ability
specific academic aptitude creative or productive thinking leadership ability visual/performing arts |
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twice-exceptional students
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gifted kids with disabilities
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1900 blind
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the first public school class in chicago
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1928 blind
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guide dogs come to usa
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1950s blind
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premature infants=ROP retinopathy of prematurity with too much o2 (Stevie Wonder)
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orientation vs mobility
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orientation is everyday life tasks
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blindisms
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self-stimulatory movements
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autism id'd by...
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leo kanner 1943; aspergers in 1944
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Autism teaching strategies
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be very organized, have routines, have everything the SAME, individualized approach, help kids fulfill social cues
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perservation with autism
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kids take perservering to the nth degree...obsessively erasing for example
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PECS
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picture exchange communication system
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1800s gifted
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charles darwin and sir francis galton/ but egalitarianism becomes popular-no one is better than anyone else
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1988 gifted
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jacob javits act
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2005 gifted
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house of reps votes 0 funding for gifted:(
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funding gifted
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only 28 states have mandates, and only 8 have full funding for gifted kids
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Marland definiton of gifted
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BASIS FOR MOST STATES: Includes high performance in any of these areas: intelligence (how well you did on this test), academic aptitude (potential ability) , creativity, leadership, talent in visual or performing arts
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joe renzuli's definiton of gifted
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above average ability, task committment, creativity, can be in general performance areas or specific
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visual efficiency
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how well a person can use their sight; influenced by acuity and peripheral visio, environmental conditions and psychological variables
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1960 braille stats
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50% legally blind kids were literate then; now only 10% are
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how many blind adults are there in america?
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1.3 million... 90% are employed who are braille literate compared to 1/3rd who aren't
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% of blind in american children
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4%
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Teaching blind kids strategies my notes
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braille label makers, recorded script, braille notes, oral cues, modeling clay, the talking book service, talking calculators, voice input devices, portable communication boards, etc
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2002 WHO estimated % of blind in the world:
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.6% or 37 million people
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% of kids with autism who have intellectual disabilities
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75%; 25% have above-average intelligence or average
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strategies for kids with ASD
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work on improving social cues; FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING=work on obsessive behaviors
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enrichment triad/revolving door model for gifted kids
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type 1-expose kids to new and exciting topics
type 2-students develop cognative and affactive abilities through expressive skills type 3-apply advanced investigative and creative skills to explore topics, issues or ideas |
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MD's educational methods in france
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jean marc gaspard itard and eduard sequin (late 1700s early 1800s)
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MD across US in 2002
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140,209 kids for multiple disability services about .20%
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