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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physical development
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patterns of physical growth and maturation
genetic bases for human characteristics |
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Cognitive development
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systematic changes in reasoning, memory and language
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Social/emotional development
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changes in feelings, coping strategies, social relationships
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Nature
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genetics- born this way, inherited
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nurture
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environment, how you were brought up
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Universality
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developmental changes that occur in everyone
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Diversity
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developmental changes that are individual changes
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Qualitative
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sudden change
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Quantitative
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gradual change
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Stage Theory
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theory that describes development as involving a series of qualitative distinct changes
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Biological Theories
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genetic factors
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Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
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environment on behavioral change, focus on nurture
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Pyschodynamic Theories
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how early experiences and internal conflict affect you
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Cognitive Developmental Theories
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major transformations in childrens thinking
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Cognitive Process Theories
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nature of human cognitive operations- both nature and nurture are important
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Sociocultural Theories
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emphasis on nurture, take on new daily activities, culture
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developmental system theories
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focus on multiple factors that interact in childrens development
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population
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a group about which the researcher would like to draw a conclusion
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sample
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a subgroup, the specific participants used in a research study
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self report
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participants describe their own characteristics and performance
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validity
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extent to which a data collection technique actually measures what the researcher intends for it to
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reliability
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data collection gives consistent, dependable results
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Experimental Study
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one aspect is manipulated and random assignment is used
- treatment group - control group |
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Quasi Experimental Study
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one aspect is manipulated and random assignment isnt possible
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Correlation study
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no aspect is manipulated, look for naturally occurring associations
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correlation
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two variables are related. as one increases the other does too or decreases
Height vs weight |
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cross sectional studies
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compare behaviors of similar subjects in different age groups
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longitudinal studies
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follow same people over a long period of time
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cross sequential
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follow children of different age groups for a few years
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naturalistic study
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children are observed in the natural environment
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ethnography
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examines everyday rules of behavior, beliefs and culture patterns
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case study
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examines one childs behavior over time
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teratogen
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any environmental substance or disease that can cause damaging effects during prenatal development
alcohol/HIV |
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sensitive period
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an age range during which certain environmental experiences are especially important for normal development
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Hindbrain
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basic things like breathing, blood, balance, sleep
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Midbrain
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connector, relay station between hind brain and forebrain
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forebrain
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decisions making, complex thinking
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canalization
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characteristics are tightly controlled by genetic factors
Basic motor skills (crawling, sitting) |
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schemes
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groups of similar thoughts or actions
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cognition
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all mental activities in which a person engages in
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operations
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an organized and integrated system of schemes
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individual constructivism
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a learner actively constructs a body of knowledge rather than absorbing info at face value
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Equilibration
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movement back and forth between equilibrium and disequilibrium
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equilibrium
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being able to address new events using existing schemes
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disequilibrium
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unable to address new events using existing schemes
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assimilation
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dealing with a new event or object either by modifying an existing scheme or forming a new scheme
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accomodation
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modifiying a scheme or forming a new one
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process of adaption example
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familiar with sharks
sees a dolphin at the zoo, think its a shark dolphins jump out of the water, forced to adapt in order to go back to equilibrium fit it into a new scheme. this is a dolphin |
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object permanence
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realization that objects continue to exist even when they are unseen
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preoperational stage
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ages 2-7
language thrives egocentrism lack of conservation |
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egocentrism
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inability of a child to view a child from anothers perspective
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lack of conservation
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the water glass example
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concrete operation stage
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ages 6-11
thinking processes are integrated into operations egocentrism diminishes logical thinking limited |
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Formal operational stage
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11-adulthood
abstract thinking |
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propositional logic
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more concerned with logical relationship rather than accuracy/truth
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Self talk
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talking to self to help guide through tasks
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inner speech
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talking to self mentally rather than out loud
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zone of proximal development
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focus of vygotskys research
zone of which a child can do something by themself or with assistance |
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actual development
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what child can do on own
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potential development
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what child can do with assistance
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scaffolding
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process of assisting others
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social constructivism
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collective efforts form meaning
class discussions, peer tutoring |
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Piaget vs Vigotsky
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piaget- stages, schemas based on experiences, disquilibrium
vigotsky- behaviors with others (social), ZPD |
