Ecology Test 2

Front 1

what are the 3 basics of life history

Back 1

limited resources, resource allocation, fitness in different environments req different strategies

Front 2

maturity

Back 2

age/size before first reproduction event, there is always pressure to reproduce ASAP to get genes into next generation

Front 3

parity

Back 3

number of times that you reproduce

Front 4

semelparity

Back 4

one reproductive event then you die

Front 5

iteroparity

Back 5

repeated reproductive events

Front 6

fecundity

Back 6

number of offspring per reproductive episode

Front 7

what does fecundity depend on

Back 7

energy needed for further reproductive events and how much time must be devoted per child

Front 8

parental care

Back 8

amount of time devoted to each young

Front 9

life span

Back 9

age at senescence

Front 10

senescence

Back 10

period of life where more likely to die = old isn’t just one instantaneous age

Front 11

determinant growth

Back 11

reach an adult size and fecundity is fixed at that adult size (animals)

Front 12

indeterrminant growth

Back 12

growth continues with age for most of life span (plants)

Front 13

continuous growth in plants comes from?

Back 13

meristem cells

Front 14

at each age, organisms choose between __ and ____

Back 14

breeding and not breeding

Front 15

benefits of breeding?

Back 15

increase in fecundity at that age

Front 16

cost

Back 16

reduces survival and reduced fecundity at later ages

Front 17

metamorphosis

Back 17

change from larval to adult forms (insects and amphibians0

Front 18

semelparity

Back 18

save resources for ONE large reproductive event; BIG BANG

Front 19

iteropartiy

Back 19

“bet hedging”- production of offspring in more than one season to reduce risk of failure in one season

Front 20

annuals

Back 20

semelparous, single reproductive event all in one year

Front 21

biennials

Back 21

semelparous, live multiple years but are MONOCARPIC meaning only ONE reproductive event then die

Front 22

perennials

Back 22

iteroparsou- reproduce more than once before dying

Front 23

Agave parryi

Back 23

Biennial semelparous plant with rosette that intercepts rain, waxy cuticle resists H2O loss, stomates open at night, shallow, spreading roots store sugar until flowering

Front 24

how many years does Agave parryi grow before flowering?

Back 24

30 years..”century plants”---stalk grows about 30 feet tall to attract birds/bees; vegetative growth for 8-25 years storing reserves

Front 25

what is the advantages for Agave parryi in waiting to grow?

Back 25

attracts pollinatores, disperses seeds and can wait for the “good” years to reproduce

Front 26

Pacific salmon

Back 26

eggs hatch at headwater of rivers, young fish swim in large schools downstream to ocean/ salmon adjust for saltwater and live in ocean for 3-5 years, when ready to mate they locate the exact river that spawned in

Front 27

describe fertilization of pacific salmon

Back 27

external fertilization, males develop fangs to fight other males for access to territories so they attract females for mating; die “spawn out” after birth

Front 28

fecundity

Back 28

number of offspring per reproductive episode

Front 29

what determines how many offspring?

Back 29

minimum size to survive, how much energy the parent holds onto for parental care

Front 30

as fecundity increases, mortality ? for the adult

Back 30

increases

Front 31

snow bunting of alaska has?

Back 31

5 eggs

Front 32

red headed manakin (panama) has

Back 32

2 eggs

Front 33

how do scientists test the optimal amount of eggs that a bird will lay in a season?

Back 33

added/removed eggs from a nest using the European magpie (7 eggs); fledging number is highest at 7 eggs

Front 34

fledging

Back 34

surviving and leaving the nest

Front 35

adult survival ? with more parental care

Back 35

decreases (European kestrel)

Front 36

example of male parental care

Back 36

seahorse (females lay eggs inside brood pouch of male who hides and fasts as young develop

Front 37

Midwife toad

Back 37

carries young on its legs until they are ready to be released into water

Front 38

Darwin’s frog

Back 38

of Chile, carries young in vocal sac until fully developed

Front 39

Nile crocodile

Back 39

moves young via mouth

Front 40

nest parasites

Back 40

cuckoos (Cuckoulos canonus) and cowbirds (Molothus ater) take advantage of the parental care of others as birds preferentially feed larger chicks

Front 41

slow life history traits

Back 41

long life, slow development, delayed maturity, higher parental investment (low reproductive rates per year) ex: elephants and oak trees

Front 42

fast life history

Back 42

ex mice fruit flies, weedy plants have characteristics opposite that of slow life histories

Front 43

is fast or slow life history better?

Back 43

depends on life span (fast better for early years; but if longer life span, slow is better)

Front 44

why do we not all have infinite life spans?

Back 44

aging is subject to natural selection, long life puts energy into MAINTENANCE and less into fecundity

Front 45

survivorship is not

Back 45

an end to itself in evolution of species

Front 46

how long does the Rougheye sockfish live?

Back 46

~205 years; also does not have many predators

Front 47

reproduction often ? with old age

Back 47

stops

Front 48

why do we get typical characteristics of old age (lost vision, decr memory)

Back 48

traits expressed after reproduction has stopped will not be removed by natural selection because don’t affect number of offspring produced by the genotype

Front 49

if there is no interference with reproduction....

Back 49

trait will not be removed from the gene pool

Front 50

do all individuals live past reproduction?

Back 50

no; some die immediately

Front 51

why do species with social groups continue to live past-reproductive stage?

Back 51

important roles like helping with offspring

Front 52

kin selection

Back 52

increase fitness of related individuals

Front 53

“aunties”

Back 53

in orca whales, older females that care for infants such that mother just has to nurse

Front 54

how do bottlenose dolphins allomother?

Back 54

post-rep females keep lactating to help feed infants

Front 55

allomothering

Back 55

parental care by nonparent females

Front 56

unisexuality

Back 56

2 sexes in SEPARATE individuals (like humans)

Front 57

hermaphroditism

Back 57

both sexual functions in same individual (ex: plants)

Front 58

simultaneous hermaphroditism

Back 58

M & F at the same time: ex plants worms and some snails

Front 59

sequential hermaphroditism

Back 59

start as one sex and go to another (order depends on what’s needed for reproductive success; ex: mollusks, echinoderms, plants, fish

Front 60

outcrossing

Back 60

cross with other individuals

Front 61

self-fertilization

Back 61

cross with themselves

Front 62

earthworms

Back 62

simultaneous hermaphrodites (mating twice at same time--antiparallel to each other)

Front 63

barnacles

Back 63

simultaneous hermaphrodites, build mini volcano, when want to mate release female pherones such that around it male forms and releases longest penis

Front 64

Anthias species fish

Back 64

coral reef fish, sequential female (yellow), male (red); change depends on how big they are happens at about a year

Front 65

T/F most plants are hermaphroditic

Back 65

TRUE

Front 66

female components of plant

Back 66

ovary, style, stigma

Front 67

male parts of a plant

Back 67

stamens, produce pollen (each carrying 2 sperm)

Front 68

perfect hermaphrodite

Back 68

both sexual functions in the same flower; 72% of plants

Front 69

monoecious

Back 69

separate M and F flowers on same plant; discourages self-fertilization

Front 70

dioecious

Back 70

unisexual, separate sex functions in separate individuals (relatively uncommon)

Front 71

T/F a pumpkin/squash is monoecious

Back 71

false; monoecious; male flower produces pollen, female ovary develops into fruit and ovules become seeds

Front 72

T/F holly is dioecious

Back 72

True; berry containing are female b/c ovary

Front 73

T/F red maples are dioecious

Back 73

TRUE

Front 74

definition of self-fertilization

Back 74

syngamy w/o a partner

Front 75

syngamy

Back 75

process of union of two gametes includes plasmogamy and karogamy

Front 76

T/F hermaphrodites can mate with themselves

Back 76

TRUE

Front 77

how does self-fertilization provide genetic variation?

Back 77

b/c of meiosis and individual assortment and crossing over

Front 78

disadvantage of self-fertilization

Back 78

both gametes are only produced by one genotype

Front 79

asexual reproduction

Back 79

no syngamy such that all progeny are identical and same as parent (clones)

Front 80

cutting

Back 80

production of new plants by inducing a part of another to grow (ex: induce leaf to grow roots)

Front 81

are plants the only organisms that can be induced to grow?

Back 81

no, cutting is common in some invertebrates that produce asexual buds (hydra and corals)

Front 82

T/F females of unisexual species can self-fertilize by fusion of female gametes

Back 82

true; rare but this can result in an all female species

Front 83

how do walking ferns reproduce?

Back 83

Camptosorus rhizophyllus; asexual

Front 84

how do dandelions reproduce?

Back 84

parthenogenesis

Front 85

parthenogenesis

Back 85

individuals never mate with other individuals; in females, growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by a male

Front 86

biotype

Back 86

individual dandelion genotypes

Front 87

how does a whiptail lizard reproduce?

Back 87

parthenogenesis; 6 species live in the Chihuahua desert in SW U.S.

Front 88

give some arguments FOR asexual reproduction

Back 88

energetically cheap; don’t have to attract a mate, get 100% of genes into next generation; good genotype got parent through therefore must work for next generation

Front 89

how common is asexual reproduction

Back 89

in plants and most animal taxa (not in birds or mammals)

Front 90

T/F parental genotype usually copied entirely in offspring

Back 90

TRUE

Front 91

arguments against sexual reproduction

Back 91

energetically costly; gonads expensive to produce and maintain, mating is risky and costly involving elaborate strxr and behaviors; cost of meiosis

Front 92

explain cost of meiosis

Back 92

only make haploid gametes so only 1/2 into next generation

Front 93

advantages of sexual reproduction

Back 93

genetic variations necessary to prevent extinction because enemies continuously change

Front 94

how does sexual reproduction reduce extinction rates

Back 94

sexual rep important to make new gene combinations, more sexually reproducing species survive

Front 95

red queen hypothesis

Back 95

organization must stay a step ahead of their pathogens, predators and competitors--coevolution race

Front 96

short version of red queen hypothesis

Back 96

“keep humming to stay in place”

Front 97

Population ecology

Back 97

study of orgs frm pov of size and strxr of their pop

Front 98

what are some properties of populations that pop. Ecologists look at?

Back 98

size, density, dispersion, demographics, growth, regulation and limits

Front 99

are pops constant in size and range?

Back 99

No, populations vary in size over range and time such tht land occupied changes year to year and size varies year to year.

Front 100

chinch bugs

Back 100

in Illinois (Blissus leucepterus), the land occupied by this bug and size of pop varied year to year

Front 101

population size definition

Back 101

# of individuals of a species in a place at a given time; ecologist defines this

Front 102

density=

Back 102

population/area

Front 103

is density constant over space and time?

Back 103

no; density also varies like pop size over space and time

Front 104

elephant seal and pop density

Back 104

were hunted for blubber but have since rebounded from extinction; during fur molting season, they gather because they are cold when molt fur

Front 105

what are methods to determine density?

Back 105

total count, subsampling, mark recapturer

Front 106

total count

Back 106

good for small pops; distinctively mark; used for endangered (esp. larger) species

Front 107

ex group that we've used total count

Back 107

Calif. Condor

Front 108

subsampling

Back 108

use for sessile (immobile) organisms; density determined in random sample plots then extrapolated to entire area ex: plant

Front 109

mark recapture

Back 109

for mobile organisms, tage and release individuals then determine how many are recaptured in the study area

Front 110

steps of mark recapture?

Back 110

1. mark a sample of ind caught during a set peiod of time; 2. release marked animals and let mix with pop; 3. in a 2nd collection tally marked and unmarked; 4. est. pop size (N) = 2nd collected same size * initial Marked size/ Marked in 2nd sample

Front 111

what questions are asked by demography?

Back 111

causes of pop fluctuations, how does pop size change over time, what are effects of crowding out or death rate?

Front 112

what is demography?

Back 112

study of pop in that math is use dto predict pop growth over time

Front 113

life table?

Back 113

predicts pop growth over time; how pop size and age strxr will change overtime

Front 114

how does age strxr affect pop growth?

Back 114

strongly b/c birth and death rates are different at diff ages

Front 115

what info is contained in a life table

Back 115

age, # alive at each age, survivorship, fecundity, survival rate, mortality rate

Front 116

survivorship

Back 116

proportion of newborns that survive each age (compared to total alive at the start)

Front 117

fecundity

Back 117

# of offspring per individual at that age

Front 118

survival rate

Back 118

proportion of individuals that survive from one year to the next (total alive; total alive at previous year)

Front 119

mortality rate

Back 119

proportion of ind that die from one yer to the next (1-survival rate)

Front 120

cohort life table

Back 120

collect data from a group of individuals born at same time and cont to collect data from these same individuals throughout their lives (difficult of org are mobile and/or long-lived)

Front 121

static life table

Back 121

look at all individuals of a pop at one time, data collected at once for all ages **must have a way to determine ages of individuals

Front 122

Dall mountain sheep

Back 122

Oris dalli, 1930s (AK) 608 skeletons collected and used horns to determine age

Front 123

how is life tabe to predict pop growth over time?

Back 123

start wi/ basic data, and predict the survivors and new offspring (age 0) to predict next year's pop size

Front 124

stable age distribution

Back 124

eage age represents a constant percentage of the total pop.

Front 125

what must be constant for stable age distribution?

Back 125

age specific fecundity and survival

Front 126

if at stable age distribution, change in pop size occurs

Back 126

at a constant rate

Front 127

does pop grow in linear or exponential fom

Back 127

exponentially such that at an increaing rate each time period

Front 128

pop growth=

Back 128

r (intrinsic raate of increase for pop/avg rate of fecundity and mortality per ind in a pop)*N(pop)

Front 129

if r>0

Back 129

pop increase

Front 130

if r<0

Back 130

pop decrease

Front 131

if r=0

Back 131

pop constant

Front 132

example of a pop increase?

Back 132

Tanzania; sheep 200,000 in 1820, 2 million in 1850 (10 fold increase)

Front 133

T/F individuals from same pop subj to diff. conditions will exhibit a range of values for r across a range of conditions

Back 133

TRUE

Front 134

why does pop size remain relatively stable despite potential for unlimited increase?

Back 134

carrying capacity

Front 135

carrying capacity

Back 135

environment can only support so many (limited resources), crowding occurs, less food, social conflicts, disease spreads, attarct attn of predators

Front 136

how do resources regulate pop?

Back 136

density dep and independent factors

Front 137

density dep factors

Back 137

regulation incr and density increases; ex: food supply, living places, pred/parasites/disease agents increase

Front 138

density independent factors

Back 138

regulation is unrelated to pop density (temperature and precipitatino, climate, catastrophic events (floods/tornados/volcanos)

Front 139

what determines female reproductive success?

Back 139

fecundity depends on ability to gather resources, number of eggs made and offspring nurtured

Front 140

do female or male gametes require more resources?

Back 140

females are larger and need more resources and require more parental care

Front 141

what does male fecundity depend on?

Back 141

access to females

Front 142

monogamy

Back 142

1 male and 1 female; pair for life or duration of mating season

Front 143

polygamy

Back 143

1 gender individual with many of the opposite sex

Front 144

polygyny

Back 144

1 male and many female

Front 145

polyandry

Back 145

1 female and many males (rare)

Front 146

promiscuity

Back 146

many males with many females (default)

Front 147

what type of mating is associated with male parental care?

Back 147

monogamy

Front 148

example of bird which practices monogamy

Back 148

blue footed booby

Front 149

extra pair copulations

Back 149

high frequency in birds, this selects for mate-guarding; when individuals of a mating relationship (STEP OUT)

Front 150

what type of mating is associated with territorial males?

Back 150

polygyngy; males have huge display markings to attract females

Front 151

characteristics of polygyny

Back 151

males defend females and control access to females, lots of mate guarding such that no extra-pair copulations occur

Front 152

example of bird practicing polygyny

Back 152

red winged blackbird

Front 153

why is polyandry rare?

Back 153

few males are necessary to fertilize all offspring, more females are needed to nurture offspring through development

Front 154

example of bird which practices polyandry

Back 154

red phalarope: females are bright plumage and males dull; males do all parental care while females guard during nesting period; summer breeds in Arctic tundra and winter at sea along Africa and S. America coasts

Front 155

why choose polygyny

Back 155

if greater fecundity in a high quality territory compared to lower quality territory where only female; quality of male territories varies considerably

Front 156

quality means...

Back 156

resource abundance

Front 157

polygyny threshold

Back 157

point at which quality difference between shared and unshared territories make it better to choose polygyny

Front 158

handicap principle

Back 158

similar to conspicuous consumption; signal ability to afford or squander a resource by squandering it; example peacock and feathers male

Front 159

parasite mediated sexual selection:

Back 159

showy plumage, bright coloration, singing and dance indicate a healthy male with genetic resistance to parasites and pathogens b/c of high quality feathers

Front 160

promiscuity is most common in animals and ______?

Back 160

outcrossing plants

Front 161

outcrossing plants

Back 161

like humans breed with a different strain to increase genetic diversity

Front 162

in a promiscuous relationship what do males provide?

Back 162

no more than a set of genes; little parental investment

Front 163

describe the mating success of males vs females

Back 163

harder for male to succeed because females are choosy as to whom they mate (eggs are more expensive than sperm)

Front 164

if mating is not required, males and females have __________

Back 164

equal success (ex: sperm or eggs are shed into the water

Front 165

male mating success depends on?

Back 165

size of male and quality of courtship displays

Front 166

sexual selection

Back 166

natural selection for traits that attract members of the opposite sex for mating; therefore if there are differences amongst males that increase attractiveness to females are under genetic control, these traits will be selected for

Front 167

sexual dimorphism

Back 167

difference in the outward appearances of males and females of the same species; especially when male to male competition is strong

Front 168

example of sexual dimorphism

Back 168

in birds, often sexes look different; in humans men differ from women, the greater degree of difference, the more uneven the partenal care

Front 169

secondary sexual characteristic

Back 169

a TRAIT (not organs) distinguishing one gender from the other

Front 170

example of a secondary sexual characteristic

Back 170

mane of male lions

Front 171

why do females choose traits correlated with strength?

Back 171

genes increase offspring fitness (strength/sexual attractiveness) and dominant males have access to more resources allowing greater number of offspring

Front 172

sexy son hypothesis?

Back 172

want males offspring with the best chance for reproductive success; potential mate’s capacity as a caregiver or other benefits to female are irrelevant to VALUE as father of offspring

Front 173

widowbird common name:

Back 173

peacock

Front 174

good plumage is indicative of _____

Back 174

resistance to disease and parasitic infections such as lice

Front 175

competition definition

Back 175

any use of defense of a limited resource by an individual that will reduce the availability of that resource to another individual

Front 176

intraspecific competition

Back 176

within one species

Front 177

interspecific competiion

Back 177

between species

Front 178

competitive exclusion principle

Back 178

two species cannot coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource

Front 179

describe Gause’s experiment

Back 179

Gause looked at Paramecium aurelia and P. caudatum, each species was able to grow individually but in mixture only P. aurelia persisted

Front 180

Gause’s experiments are an example of what type of competition?

Back 180

interspecific competition

Front 181

what typically generation time do you see species persist and die out?

Back 181

30-70 generations

Front 182

what are some limiting resources?

Back 182

space (coral reef and barnacles), soil nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen), light (remember Roosevelt Island), food, water, mates

Front 183

how does intraspecific control the growth of a population of one species?

Back 183

logistic equation

Front 184

how does interspecific competition work?

Back 184

influences growth of 2 different species pops which may lead to elimination of one species but typically EVO CHANGE and DIVERGENCE

Front 185

describe the different effects of D. glutinosum and D. nudiflorum interspecific competition

Back 185

Desmodium nudiflorum is a weaker competitor than D. glutinosum; D. nudiflorum does better in intraspecific comp bc competing with a weaker competitor; D. glutinosum does better in interspecific b/c comp with a diff competitor

Front 186

describe Tansley’s experiment?

Back 186

Galium saxatile prefers acid soil and G. sylvestre prefers alkaline soil (1917); each species grows best on preferred soil type and w/o interspecific competition, each can grow on the alternative soil type, but WITH INTERSPECIFIC competition, neither species is likely to survive on the foreign soil type

Front 187

how is intraspecific competition graphed?

Back 187

logistic S shaped curve

Front 188

where does population size stabilize?

Back 188

at the carrying capacity

Front 189

equation for interspecifc competition population growth

Back 189

rN(K-N-aN/K) such that population size is reduced by a factor of aN; N is the pop size fo the competing species multiplied by competition coefficient a.

Front 190

what does a indicate?

Back 190

how competitive each member of the competing species is

Front 191

competition of barnacles between Chthamalus and Balanus

Back 191

Chthamalus is more tolerant of dessication to thrives in upper; Balanus outcompetes Chthamalus in middle zone; predation prevents both living in lowest zone

Front 192

exploitation competition

Back 192

individuals compete INDIRECTLY through mutual effects on shared resources

Front 193

interference competition

Back 193

individuals defend resources through antagonistic behaviors

Front 194

example of interference competition

Back 194

hummingbirds exclude other hummingbirds bees and moths from flowering plants; allelopathy

Front 195

competition can result in smaller size, lower survivorship and _____

Back 195

lower fecundity

Front 196

keystone predator

Back 196

can prevent competitive exclusion; creating species diversity by eating the most abundant species

Front 197

example of keystone predators

Back 197

herbivores in grasslands; starfish eating barnacles and mussels

Front 198

outside of normal range, good competitors can become ______

Back 198

invasive because not competition

Front 199

energy release hypothesis

Back 199

introduced species dominates because predators/pathogens no longer control their population

Front 200

evolved increased competitive ability

Back 200

dominance occurs because introduced species shift allocation from defense to growth

Front 201

how was EICA tested?

Back 201

Purple loosestrife; introduced from Europe as an ornamental plant with few natural enemies in the U.S. (1800s) now has invaded wetlands of 48 states and endangers plants and wildlife dependent upon native plants

Front 202

describe EICA and the Zebra mussel

Back 202

1st introduced to Lake St. Clair (MI) in 1986; now has rapid spread in eastern U.S. outcompeting native mussels for food; causing shipping and industry problems; also the Carp

Front 203

All life forms are consumers and _______ for something

Back 203

resources

Front 204

bottom up regulation on population size

Back 204

population controlled from below by resources

Front 205

top down regulation

Back 205

population controlled from above by consumers

Front 206

how have predators adapted?

Back 206

size, sense organs, catch mehtods

Front 207

predator size adaption

Back 207

larger than prey (unless social animal that uses cooperative hunting)

Front 208

predator “catch” adaptations

Back 208

locomotion (stalk, run, pounce), sticky tongues, handling

Front 209

predator handling adaptations?

Back 209

snakes: distended jaws, lions: stealth and power

Front 210

predator diet adaptations

Back 210

carnivores have a shorter S.I. because not trying to handle fiber; herbivores (sheep) extensive S.I. because of lots of fiber (omnivores are in the middles

Front 211

dental adaptations

Back 211

incisors (clip), molars (grind), canines (rip flesh)

Front 212

what are some adaptations of prey?

Back 212

locomotion (for a swift escape), chemical secretions, hiding/seeking refuge, physical defenses (armadillo and porcupine)

Front 213

what does the bombaier beetle do?

Back 213

spray enemy with hot H2O2

Front 214

crypsis

Back 214

camouflage (animal blend with the background environment)

Front 215

warning coloration

Back 215

stand out vividly in their environment

Front 216

which animals typically practice crypsis?

Back 216

palatable/edible

Front 217

which animals utilize warning coloration?

Back 217

noxious/poisonous; such that predators avoid aposematic color patterns

Front 218

aposematic

Back 218

bright conspicuous markings (means=keep away)

Front 219

why aren’t all prey unpalatable?

Back 219

chem defenses are expensive, may not be able to synthesize poisons, must have a method to avoid toxic effects on themselves

Front 220

where do defensive materials often come from?

Back 220

food and plants (not all food/plants have such chemicals)

Front 221

batesian mimicry

Back 221

harmless or palatable species copies the coloration of a noxious or unpalatable species ex: mantid/moth mimic wasp

Front 222

mullerian mimicry

Back 222

noxious or unpalatable species evolve coloration patterns that resemble one another (ex: butterflies and coloration)

Front 223

within a region, certain aposematic color/patterns are ______

Back 223

widespread, because if predator learns to avoid one species’ pattern, all members benefit

Front 224

from foraging, energy gain is dependent upon

Back 224

food quality, search and handling time

Front 225

profitablity =

Back 225

energy gain/time

Front 226

as prey density changes, predators may

Back 226

switch prey; ex: waterbug diet switches to mayflies when at > 50% of the population

Front 227

predator and prey cycle

Back 227

together, NOT synchronous, predators lag slightly behind prey

Front 228

scavenger/detrivore

Back 228

eat dead orgo material, carcasses and wastes of others

Front 229

is detrivore a consumer-resource relationship?

Back 229

yes but detrivores do not regulate the size of the resource species population

Front 230

ectoparasites

Back 230

live on host surface

Front 231

endoparasite

Back 231

live on tissues of the host

Front 232

parasitoids

Back 232

parasitic wasps, lay eggs in host body/ can also create galls on plants

Front 233

gall

Back 233

tumor-like formation on the plant, like a tumor, it induces growth and provides a home inadvertently for the larvae

Front 234

parasite adaptations

Back 234

smaller than host; avoid host defenses

Front 235

how do parasites avoid host defenses

Back 235

suppress, mimic host proteins, novel proteins

Front 236

what is the critical life history stage of parasites?

Back 236

finding a way to disperse to new hosts

Front 237

how do parasites find new hosts?

Back 237

fly, hosts move, spatial patterns, abiotic factors like climate

Front 238

pathogens

Back 238

cause disease (prokaryotic Bacteria) and viruses typically

Front 239

negative effect of parasites

Back 239

diseases (pinworms/tapeworms) huge problem in developing countries

Front 240

disease ecology

Back 240

ecological factors are important in understanding disease spread and control (Lyme disease/Hanta virus)

Front 241

Hanta virus causes

Back 241

pulmonary edema (Hanta pulmonary syndrome), in 93 had a mysterious outbreak in W. US

Front 242

what is the hantavirus viral reservoir

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deer mouse (Peromyscus)

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ecological studies of hantavirus

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El Nino brought abundant rain, vegetation increased causing an increase in mouse population >>5X increase in HPS

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when where West Nile id’d?

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1932 Uganda

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primary west nile host and human vector?

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migrating birds; MOSQUITOs pick up virus from biting birds

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west nile causes

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mild symptoms, encephalitis/meningitis are possible, no vaccine now

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herbivores

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eat plants/ may act like predators, parasites

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grazing

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eating herbaceous vegetation

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browsing

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eating woody vegetation

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defensive plant adaptions

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structural defense and secondary compounds

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structural defense

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spines and hairs, tough seed coats and fruit walls, sticky gums and resins, low nutritional content, reduce digestibility, synthesize toxic compounds

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tannins

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oaks and other plants, interfer with protein digestion, some animals can overcome by pdxn of digestive dispersal agents

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secondary compounds

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cpds plants produce for purposes other than metabolism (defense or signaling)

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example of secondary compounds

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nitrogen compounds, terpenoids, quinones

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induced chemical defense

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produced after an attack occurs (less energetically costly)

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constitutive chemical defense

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maintained at high levels in plant at all times (energetically costly)

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how can we control invasive plant species?

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import natural insect herbivores

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prickly pear cactus controlled by

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moth

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klamath wee controlled by

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beetle

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life history

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The significant features of the life cycle through which an organism passes, with particular reference to strategies influencing survival and reproduction.