Ecology Final Exam

Front 1

Non-living factors are also called ________________ factors.

Back 1

Abiotic

Front 2

___________ ecology examines interspecific relationships.

Back 2

Community

Front 3

This is an area of land containing a patchwork of ecosystems.

Back 3

Landscape

Front 4

This is a biological community and all abiotic fators that influence that community.

Back 4

Ecosystem

Front 5

In an experiment, the group that lacks the experimental variable is the __________________.

Back 5

Control group

Front 6

A hypothesis that is written in the negative form is considered a _________ hypothesis.

Back 6

Null

Front 7

A general description of mean temp. and mean precipitation conditions over the course of one year is considered the region’s ____________________.

Back 7

Climate

Front 8

Which of the following are characteristics of life?

metabolism - homeostasis - nutrient intake - level of organization - releasing CO2 - reproduction - consisting of cell/s - breathing oxygen - growth

Back 8

Metabolism, homeostasis, nutrient intake, level of organization, reproduction, consisting of cell/s, and growth

Front 9

This biome is described by broad-leaved deciduous forest and can receive 65-300cm of precipitation annually.

Back 9

Temperate forest

Front 10

Which of the following cause/s the earth’s climate?

spherical shape of earth - earth’s rotation on axis - weather - orbit of earth around sun - axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Back 10

Spherical shape of earth, Earth’s rotation on axis, Orbit of earth around sun, and Axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Front 11

The latitudinal demarcation at 23.5 degrees N is _____________________.

Back 11

Tropic of Cancer

Front 12

Which of the following cause/s uneven heating of the earth?

spherical shape of earth - earth’s rotation on axis - weather - orbit of earth around sun - axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Back 12

Spherical shape of earth, Earth's rotation on axis, Orbit of earth around sun, and Axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Front 13

This results in deserts/ dry areas on the leeward side and wet areas on the windward side of coastal mountain ranges.

Back 13

Rainshadow Effect

Front 14

Because climate diagrams depict the mean annual precip. and mean annual temp. conditions over a broad geographic region, they illustrate the area’s ________.

Back 14

Macroclimate

Front 15

This biome usually occurs at 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S and receives less than 25 (30)cm of
precipitation annually.

Back 15

Desert

Front 16

Terrestrial biomes are distinguished from each other by these three characteristics: ______________, __________________, and _____________________.

Back 16

Average annual temperature, average annual precipitation, and predominant vegetation

Front 17

This terrestrial biome is distinguished by 50-250 cm rain/ year and is primarily found between 10 and 25 degrees latitude.

Back 17

Tropical Dry Forest

Front 18

This terrestrial biome typically has poor soils because most of the nutrients are tied up in the biomass and heavy rains also leach nutrients from the soils

Back 18

Tropical Rainforest

Front 19

This aquatic biome (ecosystem) is perhaps the most challenging aquatic environment to inhabit successfully and is under the influence of the tides.

Back 19

Intertidal Zone (marine shoreline)

Front 20

Both coral reefs and this aquatic biome (ecosystem) are both typically located in shallow water areas along continents or islands. However, unlike coral reefs, this biome is located in temperate areas.

Back 20

Kelp Forests

Front 21

This terrestrial biome is found in North America and typically has cold winters and hot summers with moderately frequent fires.

Back 21

Temperate Grassland

Front 22

This terrestrial biome is distinguished by less than 25 (30)cm of precipitation/ year. It is one of the most, if not the most, challenging biome in which to successfully survive as an organism.

Back 22

Desert

Front 23

Wetlands that can border an estuary include ______________ in temperate environments and ________________ in tropical and subtropical environments.

Back 23

Salt marshes, Mangrove forests

Front 24

This terrestrial biome covers about 20% of the earth’s land surface, and although it receives relatively little precipitation (less than 20-60cm/ year) it can be boggy especially during summer months.

Back 24

Tundra

Front 25

This terrestrial biome typically contains permafrost.

Back 25

Tundra

Front 26

Freshwater biomes that function as basins in the landscape include ____________ and ______________.

Back 26

Lakes and Ponds

Front 27

This terrestrial biome is typically located within 10 degrees latitude of the equator.

Back 27

Tropical Rainforest

Front 28

This terrestrial biome is confined to the northern hemisphere (at least currently) and receives an average of 20-60cm of precipitation/ year with relatively short summers.

Back 28

Taiga

Front 29

This terrestrial biome is located primarily in the Mediterranean and North America, including in California. It is characterized by hot, dry summers, and cool, moist autumns, winters, and springs.

Back 29

Temperate Woodland/Shrubland (sometimes called chaparral)

Front 30

This terrestrial biome is typically located between 30-55 degrees latitude and receives about 65-400cm precipitation/ year.

Back 30

Temperate Forest

Front 31

This terrestrial biome is dominated by coniferous trees and soils are often poor.

Back 31

Taiga (Boreal forest)

Front 32

This is the dynamic exchanges of water on a global scale.

Back 32

Hydrologic Cycle

Front 33

List the 3 states of matter for water

Back 33

Liquid, gas, solid

Front 34

Two physical conditions important in bodies of water are _______________ and _______________.

Back 34

Light and temperature

Front 35

___________, known as the concentration of dissolved salt in water, along with ____________, and ________________ are important chemical conditions in bodies of water.

Back 35

salinity, dissolved gases, dissolved nutrients

Front 36

Dissolved oxygen concentrations are usually higher at the ____________ than at great depths of water.

Back 36

Surface

Front 37

This zone is from the coast to the margin of the continental shelf.

Back 37

Neritic zone

Front 38

A bottom dwelling organism is called a________________ organism.

Back 38

Benthic

Front 39

Which of the following play roles in the hydrologic cycle?

Solar energy - Evaporation - Transpiration - Water runoff - Rain - Snow - Cloud formation - Lakes - Underground aquifers

Back 39

All of them

Front 40

________________ are biomes usually found in shallow water along temperate island or continents.

Back 40

Kelp forests

Front 41

Which of the following influence ocean currents?

Winds - Earth’s rotation - Water density differences - Ripples - Land masses

Back 41

Winds, Earth's rotation, Water density differences, and Land masses

Front 42

A _________________ is a layer of water that separates warm and cold water layers.

Back 42

Thermocline

Front 43

Which of the following is/are properties of water?

Biological solvent - High heat of vaporization - Most dense at 4 degrees Celsius - Adhesion/ Cohesion

Back 43

All of them

Front 44

_________ lakes have thermal stratification year-round.

Back 44

Tropical Lakes

Front 45

These are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that drift in oceanic currents.

Back 45

Phytoplankton

Front 46

An _____________ is a transition zone where a freshwater river empties into the ocean.

Back 46

Estuary

Front 47

This is the mechanism that drives evolution.

Back 47

Natural Selection

Front 48

Evolution can only occur at this level of ecological organization.

Back 48

Population level

Front 49

A __________________ is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein, i.e. trait.

Back 49

Gene

Front 50

A person who is ________________ for a trait has 2 different alleles for that trait.

Back 50

Heterozygous

Front 51

A ________________ is the genetic make-up of alleles.

Back 51

Genotype

Front 52

__________________ is a measure of the number of offspring contributed by an individual that survive to reproduce and all offspring related to those individuals.

Back 52

Fitness

Front 53

A _____________ is a change in a DNA sequence.

Back 53

Mutation

Front 54

Which of the following are assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory?

No DNA - No mutations - No immigration - Random mating - No mating - Equal fitness among all genotypes - Small population size - Mass migrations i. genetic mutations

Back 54

No mutations, No immigration, Random mating, and Equal fitness among all genotypes

Front 55

________________ is a change in allele frequencies due to random events.

Back 55

Genetic Drift

Front 56

Which of the following is/are an example/s of natural selection?

Industrial melanism - Green tree leaves to blend in with green grass - Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics - The development of cephalopods, like octopus, to drastically change color - Development of the pug dog

Back 56

Industrial melanism, Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and the development of cephalopods, like octopus, to drastically change color.

Front 57

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory predict?

Back 57

Allele frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces

Front 58

Which of the following is/are an example/s of a violation of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory?

Exposure to carcinogens, like radiation - Population size of 5 individuals - A culture with arranged marriages - Population size of 1 billion individuals

Back 58

Exposure to carcinogens, like radiation, population size of 5 individuals, and a culture with arranged mariages

Front 59

This is a drastic reduction in population size due to a random event.

Back 59

Bottleneck Effect

Front 60

Write the 2 mathematical equations associated with Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Theory.

Back 60

p +q = 1
P2 +2pq + q2 = 1 or (p+q)2 = 1

Front 61

What does the variable “p” represent in the Hardy-Weingberg equations?

Back 61

P = the frequency of the dominant allele in the population

Front 62

This is water loss by plants.

Back 62

Transpiration

Front 63

A plant adapted for environments with limited moisture availability is a_____________________.

Back 63

Xerophyte

Front 64

A giant rosette growth form is most common in __________________________ plants.

Back 64

Tropical Alpine

Front 65

Plants that can generate enough heat to maintain their body temperatures well above ambient air temperatures are called_______________________.

Back 65

Thermogenic Plants

Front 66

Plants can lose water through the process of _______________, but also through the production of secretions such as_______________ and reproductive structures like __________ and ___________.

Back 66

Transpiration; Nectar; Fruits; Seeds (dry fruits)

Front 67

These are microscopic pores in the leaves (mostly) and stems of plants that allow gas exchange and water loss._____________

Back 67

Stomata

Front 68

An animal whose body temperature varies directly with ambient temperatures is called a ___________.

Back 68

Poikilotherm

Front 69

Which of the following are mechanisms of heat exchange?

Conduction - Convection - Radiation - Evaporative cooling - Hair

Back 69

Conduction, Convection, Radiation, and Evaporative cooling

Front 70

An animal who maintains a constant internal body temperature, regardless of external temperatures is called a ___________.

Back 70

Homeotherm

Front 71

Which of the following is/are method/s of temperature regulation in arid adapted plants?

Dense foliage - Open growth form - Small leaves - Leaves parallel to sun - Leaves perpendicular to sun

Back 71

Open growth form, Small leaves, and Leaves parallel to sun

Front 72

An animal who relies primarily on external heat sources to regulate body temperature is called an __________________.

Back 72

Ectotherm

Front 73

Which of the following is/are method/s of temperature regulation in arctic/ alpine plants?

Cushion growth form - Open growth form - Foliage far above ground to catch sun - Dark pigmented leaves - Leaves parallel to sun - Leaves perpendicular to sun

Back 73

Cushion growth form, Dark pigmented leaves, and Leaves perpendicular to sun

Front 74

The expansion or increase in diameter of blood vessels in an effort to increase heat loss is called
______________________.

Back 74

Vasodilation

Front 75

The arrangement of arteries and veins to retain heat within the body is called___________________.

Back 75

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

Front 76

True or false? Partial or quasi endotherms are just endotherms with a lessened or partial ability to regulate internal temperature.

Back 76

False

Front 77

The passive, net movement of water molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration is called________________________.

Back 77

Osmosis

Front 78

Water released during cellular respiration (a series of chemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP energy) is called _________________.

Back 78

Metabolic water

Front 79

Animals that expend energy to control water gain or loss from their cells are called_______________.

Back 79

Osmoregulators

Front 80

This is a state of significantly lowered body temperature and significantly lowered metabolic rate during prolonged dry or hot periods_____.

Back 80

Estivation

Front 81

Which of the following is/are method/s of water conservation or retention in animals?

Concentration of nitrogenous wastes - Condense & reclaim water vapor in breath - Waterproofing with lipid-type molecules - Body position parallel to sun - Body position perpendicular to sun - Chloride cells to expel excess salts - Rectal gland to expel excess salts

Back 81

Concentration of nitrogenous wastes, Condense & reclaim water vapor in breath, Waterproofing with lipid-type molecules, Body position parallel to sun, Chloride cells to expel excess salts, and Rectal gland to expel excess salts

Front 82

A group of interacting individuals of the same species in a given area.

Back 82

Population

Front 83

Dispersion in space including size, shape, and location of area occupied is called _____________.

Back 83

Distribution

Front 84

Number of individuals per unit area is called ___________________.

Back 84

density

Front 85

_______________ measures the presence or absence of individuals in an area.

Back 85

Frequency

Front 86

This Law states that the distribution of species is controlled by that environmental factor for which the organism or species has the narrowest range of tolerance.

Back 86

Leibig’s Law of the Minimum

Front 87

__________________ refers to a species that is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions.

Back 87

Eurytopic

Front 88

__________ factors, like amounts of light, precipitation, or humidity can affect species’ distributions

Back 88

Abiotic

Front 89

Which of the following can affect a species distribution?
a. predation

b. competition

c. disease

d. light

e. pH

f. soil type

g. natural disasters

h. migration

i. organism size

Back 89

All of them

Front 90

________________ is a small scale distribution pattern in which individuals in the population have a higher probability of being found in some areas than other areas.

Back 90

clumped distribution

Front 91

Unlike highly aggressive bee species, distributions of stingless bees in Costa Rica primarily resulted from which of the following?

a. social behaviors

b. food resources

c. nest site availability

d. territoriality

e. colony development

Back 91

c. nest site availability

Front 92

As plants grow, __________________ often causes a reduction in the number of individuals in the
population and hence reduces clumping.

Back 92

intraspecific competition

Front 93

Which of the following was/ were factor/s that correlated to kangaroo distributions in Australia?

a. precipitation amounts

b. precipitation seasonality

c. temperature

d. biome type

Back 93

All of them

Front 94

True or false? Distribution patterns for a population can vary temporally.

Back 94

True

Front 95

These three factors of rarity provide predictive patterns of whether or not species are considered rare.

Back 95

Geographic range, habitat tolerance, local population density

Front 96

True or false? Species’ distributions have uniform densities across the species’ range.

Back 96

False

Front 97

Process of new individuals entering a population.

Back 97

Immigration

Front 98

This is the net reproductive rate per individual

Back 98

R0

Front 99

The variable “T” denotes _______________________ __________________.

Back 99

generation time

Front 100

Patterns of survival within a population.

Back 100

Survivorship

Front 101

The variable r, or per capita rate of increase, essentially equals ___________minus ___________.

Back 101

birth rate minus death rate

Front 102

__________________ or birthrate is a measure of the number of offspring produced during a standard time period.

Back 102

fecundity

Front 103

The variable _________ denotes geometric rate of increase.

Back 103

upside down y

Front 104

Which of the following is/ are characteristic/s of species that exhibit Type I survivorship curves?

a. parental care

b. high rate of juvenile survival

c. high juvenile mortality

d. high rate of adult survival

e. constant rates of mortality

f. many offspring

Back 104

a and b

Front 105

A population with r = 0, per capita rate of increase, is likely to increase, decrease, or remain stable over time?

Back 105

stable

Front 106

Which of the following is/are characteristic/s of a cohort life table?

a. all individuals born at same time

b. snapshot of population

c. entire cohort followed until death

d. can miss any births within cohort

e. highly costly: money & personnel

f. individuals can be born at any time

Back 106

a,c,d,e

Front 107

Which survivorship curve illustrates a constant rate of survival regardless of age?

Back 107

Type II

Front 108

Which of the following is/are type/s of information that a population age distribution can provide?

a. successful reproduction period

b. periods of high survival

c. periods of low survival

d. potential declines in population size

e. approximate life span

Back 108

All

Front 109

A _________ life table provides a snapshot of the population at a given time.

Back 109

static

Front 110

Predation, disease, and competition are ____________ factors that can affect population dynamics.

Back 110

biotic

Front 111

Is a population with a R0 = 0.53 likely to increase, decrease, or remain stable over time?

Back 111

decrease

Front 112

Population growth that typically occurs in populations with non-overlapping generations

Back 112

Geometric growth

Front 113

The variable _______ denotes population size.

Back 113

N

Front 114

Population growth that typically occurs in populations with overlapping generations ____________

Back 114

Exponential growth

Front 115

Population growth in which successive generations differ by a constant ratio _____________

Back 115

Geometric growth

Front 116

Population growth in which the rate at which the population is increasing increases as the population becomes larger.

Back 116

Exponential growth

Front 117

Population growth model that incorporates environmental limitations

Back 117

Logistic growth

Front 118

___________, denoted by the variable _____, is population size at which population growth stops.

Back 118

Carrying capacity, K

Front 119

Which of the following is/ are true of a population at carrying capacity?

a. birth rate equals death rate

b. resource limitations impact population growth

c.population growth = 0

d. no new births unless the same # of individuals die

e. population size is exactly constant

f. the species is likely to go extinct

Back 119

a,b,c

Front 120

_____________ factors can regulate population size because as population size increases, the effect of the factor on that population also increases.

Back 120

density-dependent

Front 121

Which of the following is/are examples of organisms that would tend show exponential population
growth?

a. humans

b. elephants

c. annual plants

d. forest trees

e. wolves

f. whales

Back 121

a,b,d,e,f

Front 122

True or false? Floods, fires, and droughts are typically density-independent factors.

Back 122

True

Front 123

Which of the following is/ are factors or conclusions that can be gathered from an age/ sex distribution?

a.potential increase or decrease in population size

b. % of males in population

c. # of individuals in various age cohorts

d. approximate life span of individuals

e. # offspring per female or parent

f. food consumption in population

Back 123

a,b,c,d

Front 124

Logistic population growth tends to be represented by a _________ curve .

Back 124

sigmoidal or S-shaped

Front 125

Populations with exponential growth __________ at a much faster rate than populations with
geometric growth.

Back 125

increase or decrease

Front 126

True or false? Biotic and abiotic factors can influence population growth.

Back 126

True

Front 127

Organism’s approach to successfully reproducing and leaving viable offspring._________________

Back 127

life (history) strategy

Front 128

The __________________ states that trade-offs exist with respect to organisms’ uses of energy.

Back 128

Principle of Allocation

Front 129

If adult survival is low, an organism often has an __________ age of first reproduction.

Back 129

earlier or younger

Front 130

An organism’s _________ consists of all adaptations that influence all aspects of that organism’s biology

Back 130

life history

Front 131

Mice are more likely to be _____________ than K-selected species.

Back 131

r-selected species

Front 132

The ruderal, competitive, and stress-tolerant life histories usually refer to what group of organisms?

Back 132

plants

Front 133

The Winemiller-Rose opportunistic, equilibrium, and periodic classification of life histories was based on studies of these organisms?

Back 133

fishes

Front 134

Which of the following is/ are factors that influence life history strategies?

a. size of offspring

b.number of offspring

c. parental care

d. adult lifespan

e.body size of parent

f. mechanism of seed dispersal in plants

Back 134

All of them

Front 135

True or false? K-selected species tend to out-compete other species in the long term.

Back 135

True

Front 136

Which of the following is/are characteristic/s of r-selected species?

a. low intrinsic rate of increase

b. small body size

c. large sized offspring

d. many offspring

e. late age of 1st reproduction

f. rapid growth/ development

Back 136

b,d,f

Front 137

True or false? The same genus or species of organism can show different life history strategies under different environmental conditions.

Back 137

True

Front 138

Which of the following are factors of a life history?

a.survival rates

b. fitness

c. size of offspring

d. frequency of reproductive events

e. parental care investment

f. food consumption

Back 138

All of them

Front 139

In general , as seed size in plants tends to increase, seed number tends to _________ .

Back 139

decrease

Front 140

_____________ refers to repeated events.

Back 140

iteroparity

Front 141

True or false? Seed dispersal mechanism I plants seems to ne correlated with seed size. For example, wind dispersed seeds tend to be larger in size than vertebrate dispersed seeds.

Back 141

False

Front 142

____________ is the sum of all ways an organism or species utilizes the environment

Back 142

Niche

Front 143

______________ states that species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.

Back 143

competitive exclusion principle

Front 144

Natural selection pressures seem to drive the evolution process toward a ___________in competition because competition lowers the fitness of all individuals involved.

Back 144

Reduction

Front 145

Although species rarely occupy this, it is the niche that the species is capable of using.____________

Back 145

fundamental niche

Front 146

Type of competition that involves consuming shared resources._____________

Back 146

Exploitative competition

Front 147

_____________ is the actual niche a species occupies due to abiotic and biotic factors.

Back 147

realized niche

Front 148

Population ecologists typically study ______________ competition, or competition between individuals of the same species.

Back 148

intraspecific

Front 149

Which of the following is/ are criteria of character displacement?

a.variation in character must have effect on use of resources

b. competition for resource must be directly correlated with similarity in character

c. differences between allopatric and sympatric populations must have evolved in place

d. differences in sympatric and allopatric populations must have genetic basis

Back 149

All of them

Front 150

____________is process of evolution toward niche divergence due to competition.

Back 150

Character displacement

Front 151

Competitive selection pressures can potentially induce which of the following?

a. speciation

b. extinction of species

c. niche specialization

d. niche divergence

Back 151

All of them

Front 152

The competition coefficient that expresses the effect of an individual of species 1 on the rate of growth of species 2 is denoted as ____________.

Back 152

a21

Front 153

Which of the following is/ are examples of interspecific competition?

a.lions and hyenas fighting over kill

b. red squirrel and fox squirrels feeding on cone seeds of same tree

c. male and female lesser goldfinches feeding at bird feeder

d. yucca seedling and prickly pear seedling competing for water

Back 153

a,b,d

Front 154

_____________ populations occur in the same location or occur together.

Back 154

sympatric

Front 155

In the Lotka-Volterra competition model, at any point on the ___________ one can indentify population sizes of both species for which there is zero growth.

Back 155

isocline

Front 156

True or false? The Lotka-Volterra competition model predicts that two species will coexist when
intraspecific competition is weaker than interspecific competition.

Back 156

False

Front 157

___________ is any disease causes agent

Back 157

Pathogen

Front 158

______________ is a symbiotic relationship in which an organism of one species benefits while an
organism of another species is harmed.

Back 158

parasitism

Front 159

____________ is a symbiotic relationship in which an organism of one species benefits while an organism of another species is unaffected

Back 159

Commensalism

Front 160

Symbiosis must include an association between individuals of _____ different species.

Back 160

2

Front 161

____________ are parasites that live on a host’s body.

Back 161

Ectoparasites

Front 162

A ________ secondary chemical in plants is one that builds up in the herbivore’s body over time and often inhibits digestion.

Back 162

Quantitative

Front 163

_____________ is a symbiotic relationship in which individuals of both species benefit.

Back 163

Mutualism

Front 164

Which of the following is/ are example/s of defenses against parasites?

a. cellular defense responses

b. immune responses

c. grooming and preening behaviors

d. defensive displays

Back 164

All of them

Front 165

_________ population densities are often seen between closely linked predator & prey populations. These densities demonstrate predictable oscillations.

Back 165

Cyclic

Front 166

Which of the following is/ are example/s of plant defenses against herbivory?

a.mechanical defenses

b. secondary chemical compounds

c.masting

d.mutualism

Back 166

All of them

Front 167

Roundworms and tapeworms are examples of _______________ or internal parasites.

Back 167

Endoparasites

Front 168

Which of the following is/ are examples prey strategies to avoid predation?

a. aposematic coloration

b. aggressive mimicry

c. batesian mimicry

d. chemical defenses

Back 168

a,c,d

Front 169

___________ is the development of genetically determined traits in 2 species to facilitate an interaction

Back 169

coevolution

Front 170

This refers to a frozen posture.__________

Back 170

catalepsis

Front 171

True or false? Batesian mimicry is convergence of unpalatable species to look the same.

Back 171

False

Front 172

____________ is a group of individuals of different species inhabiting a given area.

Back 172

Community

Front 173

_____________ is a measure of the # of species in a community.

Back 173

Species richness

Front 174

____________ is a measure of the relative abundance of each species in a community

Back 174

Species evenness

Front 175

According to a Distribution of Species Abundance, most species are ________, while few species are _______ and _________ in a community.

Back 175

moderately abundant; rare and very abundant

Front 176

____________is a measure that incorporates both species richness and species evenness in a community

Back 176

Species diversity

Front 177

A ________ is any departure from average conditions.

Back 177

Distrubance

Front 178

___________ levels of disturbance produce the highest measure of species diversity in a community.

Back 178

Intermediate

Front 179

Which of the following could be example/s of disturbances?

a. hurricane

b. snow

c. fire

d. epidemic

Back 179

All of them

Front 180

The variable ________ represents a measure of species diversity in the Shannon-Wiener Index.

Back 180

H'

Front 181

Which of the following is/ are example/s of diversity gradients?

a. diversity tends to be higher in tropics than polar regions

b.diversity tends to be higher with increased environmental heterogeneity

c.diversity tends to be higher with intermediate disturbances

d.diversity tends to be higher with increases niche availability or specialization

Back 181

All of them

Front 182

The variable J’ is a measure of species _______ in a community.

Back 182

Evenness

Front 183

Which of the following is/ are examples of possible communities, as listed?

a. prairie dog town

b. fox squirrels and the fleas that live on them

c. cottonwood, willow, & ash trees near a pond

d. bullfrogs and mosquito larva

Back 183

b,c,d

Front 184

The highest degree of evenness is found in a community with a J’ = _______.

Back 184

1

Front 185

As the complexity of an environment increases, species diversity in that environment _________.

Back 185

Increases

Front 186

True or false? A community with H’ = 2.5 has a higher measure of species diversity than a community with H’ = 4.6.

Back 186

False

Front 187

Organism that converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules_________________

Back 187

autotroph

Front 188

Organism that must consume organic molecules____________

Back 188

heterotroph

Front 189

Organism that consumes animal products ___________________

Back 189

Carnivore

Front 190

The ability to do work is called ________________.

Back 190

Energy

Front 191

A ________________ summarizes feeding relations in a community.

Back 191

Food web

Front 192

This species has a significant impact on community structure, often disproportionate to its biomass

Back 192

Keystone species

Front 193

A_______________ illustrates different feeding levels that determine energy flow within a community.

Back 193

Trophic structure

Front 194

Which of the following is/ are level/s in a trophic structure?

a. herbivore

b.primary consumer

c. primary producer

d. predator

e. secondary consumer

f. rabbit

Back 194

b,c,e

Front 195

Energy has a _________ flow through communities.

Back 195

one-way

Front 196

Which of the following is/are characteristic/s of biological magnification?

a. retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food web

b. chemical compounds accumulate in tissues

c. chemical compounds leach out over time

d. top predators are most affected because they eat meat

e. herbivores have none of the chemical compounds in their body tissues due to their position in the food web or trophic structure

Back 196

a & b

Front 197

This Law states that energy in the universe is constant.

Back 197

1st Law of Themodynamics

Front 198

Detritivores can include which of the following?

a. bacteria

b. any decomposer

c. fungi

d. nutrients

Back 198

a,b,c

Front 199

_______ involves using the trophic diversity of bacteria to solve environmental problems.

Back 199

Bioremediation

Front 200

According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, whenever energy is transferred/ transformed, some energy is lost as _______.

Back 200

Heat

Front 201

Is a population with a R0 = 0.53 likely to increase, decrease, or remain stable over time?

Back 201

Decrease

Front 202

____________ is the fixation of energy by autotrophs in the ecosystem.

Back 202

Primary production

Front 203

____________ is the energy remaining after autotrophs have met their own energy requirements.

Back 203

net primary production

Front 204

____________ is a position on the food web determined by the number of energy transfers from producers to that level.

Back 204

trophic level

Front 205

Because nutrients can be redistributed throughout an ecosystem, nutrients are said to ____________. In contrast, energy has a _________ flow.

Back 205

cycle; unidirectional

Front 206

One of the most common ways that nutrients get recycled is through ____________.

Back 206

decomposition

Front 207

A ________ is an element required by an organism for development, maintenance, and/or reproduction.

Back 207

nutrient

Front 208

These are three major nutrient cycles in ecosystems

Back 208

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous

Front 209

Which of the following could be example/s of how nutrients can be lost from an ecosystem.

a.leaching

b. soil erosion

c. acid rain

d. human development

e. organisms’ activities

f. logging practices

Back 209

All of them

Front 210

Primary production in a terrestrial environment is usually limited by ______ and ____________.

Back 210

temperature and moisture

Front 211

Which of the following could be example/s of how nutrients can be gained in an ecosystem.

a. fertilizers

b. organisms’ activities

c.sewage run-off

d. decomposition

Back 211

All of them

Front 212

With every increased level in the trophic structure, some ________ is lost, often as heat.

Back 212

Energy

Front 213

Which of the following is/ are true about nutrients?

a.few organisms can fix nitrogen which makes a large portion of N unavailable to organisms

b. most nitrogen has the atmosphere as its source

c. most phosphorus has the atmosphere as its source

d.carbon is essential in organic molecules

Back 213

a,b,d

Front 214

True or false? Changes in the cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem can have significant impacts on the community structure of that ecosystem.

Back 214

True

Front 215

True or false? In marine ecosystems, the highest primary production levels are typically in pelagic areas due to all the organisms that utilize those zones.

Back 215

False

Front 216

True or false? Organisms can affect nutrient distribution and cycling.

Back 216

True

Front 217

____________ is the gradual, predictable change in plant and animal communities in an area following a disturbance or creation of new substrate.

Back 217

Ecological succession

Front 218

_____________ occurs when a disturbance destroys an existing community without destroying the soil.

Back 218

Secondary succession

Front 219

___________ community includes the first plants to colonize after a disturbance

Back 219

Pioneer community

Front 220

__________ occurs on a newly exposed geological substrate.

Back 220

Primary succession

Front 221

____________ is the persistence of a community or ecosystem in the face of disturbance.

Back 221

Stability