Ecology Ch 8 Cain, Bowman, Hacker

Front 1

The actual abundance of a population or species.

Back 1

absolute population size

Front 2

The number of individuals in a species that are found in a given area; _____ is often measured by population size or population density.

Back 2

abundance

Front 3

A genetically identical copy of an individual.

Back 3

clone

Front 4

A dispersion pattern in which individuals are grouped together.

Back 4

clumped dispersion

Front 5

A behavioral pattern in which young animals postpone breeding and instead help their parents raise offspring.

Back 5

cooperative breeding

Front 6

Freshly dead or partially decomposed remains of organisms.

Back 6

detritus

Front 7

A situation in which a species’ limited capability for dispersal prevents it from reaching areas of suitable habitat.

Back 7

dispersal limitation

Front 8

The spatial arrangement of individuals within a population.

Back 8

dispersion

Front 9

The geographic area where individuals of a species are present.

Back 9

distribution

Front 10

An abiotic event that kills or damages some organisms and thereby creates opportunities for other organisms to grow and reproduce.

Back 10

disturbance

Front 11

The physical and biological conditions that a species needs to grow, survive, and reproduce.

Back 11

ecological niche

Front 12

In plants and animals that reproduce asexually, the entire genetic individual; a ___may consist of multiple, genetically-identical parts, each of which has the potential to function as an independent physiological unit.

Back 12

genet

Front 13

The entire geographic region over which a species is found.

Back 13

geographic range

Front 14

An approach to estimating population size in which a subset of the individuals in a population are captured, marked, and released; after a suitable period of time, individuals are then captured again, and the proportion of marked individuals found in the second capture is used to estimate the population size.

Back 14

mark-recapture

Front 15

A predictive tool that models the ecological niche occupied by a species based on the conditions at localities the species is known to occupy.

Back 15

niche model

Front 16

A group of individuals of the same species that live within a particular area and interact with one another.

Back 16

population

Front 17

The number of individuals per unit of area.

Back 17

population density

Front 18

The number of individuals in a population.

Back 18

population size

Front 19

A sampling area (or volume) of any size or shape.

Back 19

quadrat

Front 20

An actually or potentially physiologically independent member of a genet that may compete with other members for resources.

Back 20

ramet

Front 21

A dispersion pattern that is similar to what would occur if individuals were positioned at locations selected at random.

Back 21

random dispersion

Front 22

A dispersion pattern in which individuals are relatively evenly spaced throughout their habitat.

Back 22

regular dispersion

Front 23

An estimate of population size based on data that are related in an unknown way to the absolute population size, but can be compared from one time period or place to another.

Back 23

relative population size

Front 24

Populations
Concept 8.1
Populations are ___ entities that vary in size over time and space.

Back 24

dynamic

Front 25

8.1
Abundances ___ over time & space.

Back 25

change

Front 26

Dispersal ___ populations

Back 26

links

Front 27

Concept 8.2
The distributions and abundances of organisms are limited by _____, _____, and _____.

Back 27

habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal.

Front 28

8.2
Habitat suitability ____ distribution and abundance

Back 28

limits

Front 29

8.2
What factors make a habitat suitable? (Abiotic)

Back 29

Abiotic(nonliving)features of envrnment:
moisture, temperature, sunlight,
soil pH, salt concentration, and available nutrients, set limits on whether a habitat will be suitable for a particular species.

Front 30

8.2
What factors make a habitat suitable?
(Biotic)

Back 30

Biotic features of the environment:
Biotic envrnmnt has =lly important effect on pop. distribution&abundance.
Obviously, species that depend completely on one or a few other species for their growth, reproduction, or survival cannot live where the species on whcih they depend are absent. Organisms can also be excluded from an area by herbivores, predators, competitors, parasites, or pathogens, any of which can greatly reduce the survival or reproduction of members of a population.

Front 31

8.2
H____ and d____ limit distribution and abundance.

Back 31

History and dispersal.

Front 32

8.2
Evolution and _____ ____

Back 32

continental drift

Front 33

8.2
____ ____ can prevent species from reaching areas of suitable habitat.

Back 33

Dispersal limitation

Front 34

8.2
Dispersal limitation can also ____ populations from expanding to _____ _____ of apparently suitable habitat.

Back 34

prevent
nearby areas

Front 35

Geographic Range
Concept 8.3
Many species have a ____ ____ of populations across their geographic range.

Back 35

patchy distribution

Front 36

8.3
Geographic ranges vary in ___ among species.

Back 36

size

Front 37

8.3
The distribution of a species includes the areas it occupies during all its ____ _____.

Back 37

life stages.

Front 38

8.3
Populations have ____ distributions.

Back 38

patchy

Front 39

8.3
Even with a species' geographic range, much of the habitat is ___ ______ for the species.

Back 39

not suitable

Front 40

Dispersion within Populations
Concept 8.4
The dispersion of individuals within a population depends on the location of _____ _____, _____, and ________ _________.

Back 40

essential resources, dispersal, behavioral interactions.

Front 41

8.4
_____ and _____ affect dispersion within populations.

Back 41

Resources and dispersal

Front 42

8.4
_____ behavior affects dispersion within populations.

Back 42

Individual

Front 43

Estimating Abundances&Distributions
Concept 8.5
Population abundances and distributions can be estimated with ____ _____, _______ ____, and ____ _______.

Back 43

area-based counts, mark-recapture methods, niche modeling.

Front 44

8.5 Eq (8.1)
Abundances are counted in a series of ____, and the resulting numbers are used to estimate the total population size.

Back 44

quadrts
EG, if we counted 40, 10, 70, 80, & 50 chinch bugs in five 10 cm x 10 cm quadrats (i.e., five 0.01 m^2 quadrats), we would estimate that there were an average of
(40+10+70+80+50)/5
----------------------------
0.01

=5000 chinch bugs per square meter.

Front 45

8.5 Eq (8.2) & (8.3)
_______ methods are often used to estimate the abundance of mobile organisms.

Back 45

Mark-recapture

Equation 8.2
M/N = R/C
rearrange
Equation 8.3
N=(M x C)/R

Imagine, for example, that we capture 23 butterflies from a meadow, which we then mark and release. Several days later, we sample the meadow again, this time catching 15 butterflies, of which 4 are marked. In our 1st sample, we caught & marked M=23 butterflies from a total pop. of unknown size (N); thus, we initially caught a proportion M/N of the butterflies in the field. The 2nd time butterflies were sampled, we caught C = 15 butterflies, of which 4 were marked and hence were recaptured (R=4). Assuming that no butterfly births, deaths, or movements into or out of the meadow have occurred since our 1st sample, the proportion of marked individuals captured in our 2nd attempt (R/C) should equal the original proportion, M/N. Thus, we have (8.2). We can rearrange that eq. to estimate the total # of butterflies in the meadow as (8.3) which in this case would equal
(23x15)/4=86

Front 46

8.5
____ models can be used to predict where species can be found

Back 46

Niche