Ecology And Evolution Exam 1

Front 1

Define Ecology

Back 1

The study of the interactions and relationships among organisms and their abiotic environments

Front 2

Define Evolution

Back 2

Development/change of species over time, resulting in differences among organisms

Front 3

Studies for Darwin's book

Back 3

"Origin of Species discusses natural selection, from studying finch beaks in Galapagos Islands. New species from old ones, or life from life, and idea of single common ancestor.

Front 4

Who's Thomas Malthus?

Back 4

Economist before Darwin's time, if exponential human population growth occurs, those with favorable variations can acquire resources better.

Front 5

Darwin's view of evolution

Back 5

Parents produce excess offspring. Ecological processes kill off some each generation. Survivors are superior to the ones dying before reproducing. Survivors produce superior offspring

Front 6

Define Natural Selection

Back 6

Adaptations to environment resulting from organisms of different genotypes in a population that contribute differently to the gene pool of succeeding generations

Hint 6

It drives evolution!

Front 7

Define Adaptation

Back 7

Any trait enabling an organism to survive or reproduce in a particular place and time

Hint 7

The genes that are passed!

Front 8

Define Fitness

Back 8

Measure of reproductive success determined by contribution made to future generations

Hint 8

Survival + Reproduction = Fitness

Front 9

Evolution via Natural Selection logic

Back 9

1. Differences between individuals exist

2. Characteristics are inherited

3. Environment has different effects on those with different phenotypes

4. Genotypes producing certain phenotypes are more likely to be selected by environment than others

Front 10

Define Tolerance

Back 10

Idea that organisms live within a range of too much and too little

Hint 10

Unlike fitness, includes notion of "growth"

Front 11

Define a Tolerance Curve

Back 11

...

Hint 11

Describe according to the axes

Front 12

Why is tolerance range not fixed?

Back 12

Environment changes always, not all animals are the same

Front 13

Define Population

Back 13

Species of one kind in a particular time or place

Front 14

Define Community

Back 14

Multiple species interacting in time and place

Front 15

Define Ecosystem

Back 15

Biotic and abiotic factors related to time and place

Front 16

Phenotype versus Genotype

Back 16

Pheno are physically expressed genetic traits, Geno are the actual alleles or genes producing the traits

Front 17

Define Environment

Back 17

Biotic and abiotic factors influencing organisms in time and place

Front 18

Define Species

Back 18

Group of organisms that can interpreted and produce fertile offspring

Front 19

Modes of Natural Selection: Directional Selection

Back 19

Tendency for phenotypes in population to shift from one extreme to another

Front 20

Modes of Natural Selection: Stabilizing

Back 20

Tendency for phenotypes to become constrained or pinched around area of maximum fitness

Hint 20

Environment either gets more stable, or so crazy that the middle is the safest place to be

Front 21

Modes of Natural Selection: Disruptive

Back 21

Tendency for phenotypes to shift to both extremes, creating a bi-modal range

Hint 21

The intermediate is taken over or there's competition

Front 22

Darwin's explanation of genetics: pangenesis

Back 22

Traits come from particles, the concentrations change with the environment, and during reproduction the gemmules migrate to gonads to be passed on

Front 23

Define: DNA, Gene, Protein, Mutation

Back 23

DNA: genetic material

Gene: DNA segment code RNA

Protein: responsible for traits

Mutation: any change in DNA

Front 24

What negative things can happen during DNA replication?

Back 24

Substitution, deletion or insertion of base pairs. The 2nd two can cause frameshift and mess up entire code

Front 25

Mutations with no effects on phenotype

Back 25

Mutated non coding region, genetic code redundancy, removed by editing mechanisms

Front 26

Mutations with slight effects on phenotypes

Back 26

Amino acid substitution can have minimal effect on proteins

Front 27

Mutations with drastic effects on phenotype

Back 27

Creating whole new traits or complex of traits

Front 28

Chromosome level mutations, aneuploidy vs polyploidy

Back 28

Aneu is missing or additional chromosomes, Poly is variations in whole sets of chromosomes

Front 29

Sexual Reproduction variability methods: Crossing Over

Back 29

Exchange of material between gomologous chromosomes in meiosis

Front 30

Sexual Reproduction variability methods: Independent Assortment

Back 30

Chromosomes arrange randomly, mom and dad aren't across from each other

Front 31

Sexual Reproduction variability methods: Fertilization

Back 31

Each egg and supermarket have different genotypes

Front 32

What characteristics are inherited in Natural Selection?

Back 32

Traits coded in gametes and not semantic cells. Offspring don't necessarily get fittest traits bc chance and probability. Mutations from parent's gametes don't show up until expression in offspring

Front 33

What makes Natural Selection not a purposeful process?

Back 33

Based on probability, traits don't become perfect, individuals are a combo including non adaptive traits

Front 34

What's doing the selection? What's being selected? What's the criteria?

Back 34

Environment, Genetic Material, Fitness

Front 35

Genes producing traits that increase fitness are....

Back 35

More likely to be selected for

Front 36

Define: Matter, Energy, Work

Back 36

Anything with mass taking up space, ability to do work, any change in state or motion of matter

Front 37

Define 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics

Back 37

1st = energy isn't created or destroyed, only transferred or changed

2nd = entropy and disorder tend to increase