Ecology And Evolution

Front 1

Species

Back 1

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Habitat

Back 2

The location of a living organism, where a species live.

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Population

Back 3

A group of organism of the same species that lives in the same area the same time.

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Community

Back 4

A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area.

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Ecosystem

Back 5

A community and its abiotic environment.

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Ecology

Back 6

The study of relationships between living organisms and their environment.

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Autotrophs

Back 7

An organism that makes it own food.

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Heterotroph

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An organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms.

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Consumer

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An organism that ingests organic matter from organisms that are living or recently dead.

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Detritivores

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An organism that ingests non-living organic matter.

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Saprotroph

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An organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestives enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.

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Food chain

Back 12

A food describes the feeding relationships between species in an ecological community.

Front 13

Food web

Back 13

Extends the food chain concept from a simple linear pathway to a complex network of interactions.

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Trophic level

Back 14

A level to the food chain.

Front 15

Food chain - Swedish lake

Back 15

Pediastrum -> Daphnia -> Roach -> Pike

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Food chain- Coniferous forest

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Spruce -> wood mice -> adder -> common buzzard

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Food chain - Baltic Sea

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Diatom -> Copepod -> Baltic Herring -> Cod -> Grey seal

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Trophic levels

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Teritary consumer
Secondary consumer
Primary consumer
Producer

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Initial energy source for earth

Back 19

sunlight

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90 %

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The amount of energy lost at each level of the pyramid

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Enhet för energimätning

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kJm-2yr-1

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Precautionary principle

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If the effects of human induced change would be large, those responible must prove that it will not harm before proceeding

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Exponential phase

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Population increases faster and faster due to plentiful resources, little competition, little disease

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Transitional phase

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Population still increasing but slower due to more competition as population increases. Predators move into are due to new 'food'. Disease spread easier.

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Plateua phase

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No more growth due to less & less place for new seeds, limited amount of food, predators and disease increase.

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Evolution

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Evolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population.

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3 evidences of evolution

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Fossil records
Artificial selection
Homologous anatomical structures

Front 28

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Back 28

Patient receives antibiotica which kills most of the bacteria. Some of the bacteria is resistant and survives. This bacteria multiplies. When the patient is given the antibiotica again the bacteria doesn't die. Doctor has to try new antibiotica.

Front 29

Pesticide resistance in rats

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Pesticides kill almost all rats in a field, some few rats different and aren't affected. These surviving rats reproduce and makes a new population. Using the same pesticide fewer rats die.

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Binominal system of Nomenclature

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Species are namned with two words. 1st name refers to the genus, always capitalized, 2nd name refers to the species with small letters. Written in italic.

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Bryophyte

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plants of short stature such as mosses

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Filicinophyta

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Larger plants such as ferns, smaller than 20 m

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Cinferophyta

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trees such with woody stems such as pine trees, up to 100 m

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Angiospermophyta

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Plants that makes fruits and seeds

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Porifera

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no mouths or digestive tracts such as sponges

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Cnidaria

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corals, sea anemones, jelly fish, very diverse, usually cathes food with tentacles

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Platyhelm

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flatworms, no opening exit, heart or lungs

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Annelida

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Segmented worms

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Mollusca

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Usually aquatic, usually produce shells

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Anthropoda

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Hard exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed limbs, eg. insects