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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The basic workflow of species distribution modelling. |
1) obtain distribution data. -e.g. new Zealand map with distribution on in 2) obtain environmental data and link it by geographic location to distribution data -new Zealand map with mean annual rainfall -new Zealand with mean annual temperature 3) develop a statistical model of how environmental factors influence the species distribution - Y gradient rainfall, x gradient temperature. One graph above Y and on above x gradients. 4) use maps of the environment data to project from environmental space to geographic space - new Zealand map with probability of occurrence and absent and present data on it. |
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Distribution data |
-Comes from museums and her barium records -comes from vegetation/biodiversity inventory surveys -citizen science projects |
There are three bullet points |
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Environmental conditions of data |
Comes from worldclim - widely used set of global climate data derived from weather station data and interpolated to a spatial resolution of about 1 square kilometer. |
Interploated |
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Major assumptions and weakness of environmental and distribution data |
Distribution data are good -but species might be present but not detected Environmental data are appropriate and correct scale - but correlations between co-limiting environmental factors may mislead - resources poorly represented, conditions better represented - niche construction poorly represented |
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Major assumptions and weaknesses of species distribution |
Dispersal is non limiting - but species may be absent from a perfectly good site simple because they have failed to disperse to that site = false negative Biotic interactions are un-important -but competition, parasitism, predation and mutualism can influence distribution patterns. |
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Examples of using Species distribution models |
1. Climate suitability for economically important species 2. Conservation planning 3. Climate change impacts on species range 4. Improving ecological understanding |
There are 4 examples |
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Weather vs climate |
Weather describes current conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, cloud cover)
Climate is the long term statistical description of weather at a given location. |
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How do mountains affect regional terrestrial climates? |
Mountains force air masses passing over them.to rise and drop most of their moisture as precipitation, resulting in moist environments on windward slopes and drier environments on leeward slopes. |
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Hadley cell circulation |
1. Ground warms air 2. Warm air rises because it is less dense than cool air 3. Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude causing air to expand and cool causing condensation and cloud formation 4. Condensation is a warming process so this pocket of air continues to rise 5. When rising stops, air moves pole wards 6. Poleward moving air loose heat to surrounding atmosphere and this leads to cooling and subsidence 7 cold air sinks and is heated by compression 8 cool air flows towards the equator |
There is 8 steps |
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How do Milankovitch cycles relate to ice ages? |
Milankovitch cycles are long term, periodic changes in the geometry of the earth's movement around the sun There are 3 cycles; precession, eccentricity, obliquity which influence the amount of solar radiation at different points on the earth's surface at different times of the year and on longer time scales. |
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Eccenticity |
-the shape of the earth's orbit -100,000 year cycle -Eccentricity varies from a minimum of e=0.0005 to a maximum of 0.0607 -larger the eccentricity the greater the difference in solar radiation that reaches the earth at perihelion versus aphelion |
There are four bullet points |
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Obliquity |
-tilt of the earth's axis -varies from minimum of 22.1 degrees to a maximum 24.5 degrees -larger the obliquity the greater the difference in seasons -In December it is winter in the northern hemisphere due to it receiving energy at more oblique angles and in June the axis is turned towards the sun so resulting in summer. |
Four bullet points |
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Precession |
-direction of axis, earth's spinning top wobble - caused by gravitational effects of the sun and moon -Polaris -north star- angled to the left - Vega angled to the right - 26,000 year cycle |
5 bullet points |
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What is latent heat Flux? |
The Flux of heat from the earth's surface to the atmosphere that is associated with evaporation of water at the surface and subsequent on dentin of water vapor in the lower region of the atmosphere. |
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What is sensible heat Flux? |
The process where heat energy is transferred from the earth's surface to the atmosphere by conduction and convection. The heat energy then can move horizontally by atmospheric circulation. |
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Explain how solar radiation influences global temperature, wind, precipitation patterns. |
Climate system is driven by the balance between energy gains from solar radiation and energy losses from the earth's surface radiation, latent heat flux and sensible heat flux
Latitudinal differences in the intensity of solar radiation at the earth's surface influence temperature and establish atmospheric circulation cells which in turn influence global patterns. |
Energy gains - energy losses Latitudinal differences |
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What are the zonal and a zonal vegetation? |
Zonal Vegetation: in areas where the regional climate can manifest it's impact Azonal vegetation: in areas where soil characteristic override climate impacts Extra zonal vegetation: in areas where the local micro or me so climate characteristics override the regional climate impacts |
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Biome concept |
Are structurally and functionally similar vegetation formations that are defined without reference to plant species e.g. similar growth forms occur in similar climates on different continents even though plants may not be genetically related |
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