Ecg

Front 1

What is the pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood?

Back 1

ISOMETRIC PRESSURE

Front 2

Blood flows from the left atrium through which valve into the left ventricle?

Back 2

MITRAL valve

Front 3

What coronary artery supplies the SA node and AV node in the most of the population?

Back 3

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY

Front 4

What sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH)?

Back 4

CHEMORECEPTORS

Front 5

What results when the heart’s demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation?

Back 5

MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA

Front 6

In an adult, what is the normal duration of QRS complex?

Back 6

.04-.12 sec

Front 7

On the ECG, the time necessary for the spread of an electrical impulse through the AV node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers is reflected by____?

Back 7

QRS Complex

Front 8

What is the inherent rates for the Sinoatrial node? Atrioventricular junction? , and the Ventricles?

Back 8

SA= 60-100 impulses per min
AV= 40-60 impulses per min
Ventricles 20-40 impulse per min

Front 9

What are the four properties of cardiac cells?

Back 9

1.Automaticity: ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to create an electrical impulse w/o being stimulated from another source
2. Excitability (irritability): the ability of cardiac muscle cells to respond to an outside stimulus (chemical, mechanical, or electrical)
3. Conductivity: ability of a cardiac cell to receive an electrical impulse & conduct it to an adjoining cardiac cell
4. Contractility: ability of myocardial cells to shorten in response to an impulse

Front 10

What are the six steps used in ECG rhythm analysis?

Back 10

1. Assess rate, 2. Assess rhythm/regularity, 3. ID & examine P waves, 4. Assess intervals; evaluate conduction (PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval), 5. Evaluate overall appearance of rhythm (ST-segments, T waves), 6. Interpret rhythm & evaluate its clinical significance

Front 11

What represents total ventricular activity- the time from ventricular depolarization to repolarization?

Back 11

QT INTERVAL

Front 12

What are the specialized cells of the heart’s electrical conduction system capable of spontaneously generating and conducting electrical impulses?

Back 12

PACEMAKER CELL

Front 13

What are bipolar limb leads?

Back 13

Ecg leads that have a positive and negative electrode. Each lead records the difference in electrical potential btwn two selected electrodes. Leads I, II III are called standard limb leads or bipolar leads

Front 14

What are unipolar limb leads?

Back 14

Leads that consists of a single positive electrode and a reference point. Aka unipolar limb lead, augmented limb lead
The reference point (/c zero electrical potential) lies in the center of the heart’s electrical field (left of the interventricular septum and below the AV Junction)

Front 15

What is the ECG criteria for a sinus rhythm?

Back 15

a. Rate: 60-100 bpm
b. Rhythm: P-P interval regular, R-R interval regular
c. P waves: Positive (upright) in lead II, one precedes each QRS complex, P waves look alike
d. PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds & constant from beat to beat
e. QRS duration: 0.10 seconds or less unless an intraventricular conduction delay exists

Front 16

What is the pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 20-40bpm?

Back 16

PERKINJE FIBERS

Front 17

What is the normal rate for sinus rhythm?

Back 17

60-100 bpm

Front 18

Which medication may be used to increase heart rate if the QRS is narrow and the patient is symptomatic?

Back 18

ATROPINE

Front 19

Which medications may be administered to the slow heart rate and decrease myocardial oxygen demand?

Back 19

BETA BLOCKERS

Front 20

What is the difference between sinus rhythm and sinus bradycardia?

Back 20

a. Sinus rhythm rate: 60-100 bpm
b. Sinus bradycardia: rate <60 bpm

Front 21

What waveforms resemble the teeth of a saw or picket fence before the QRS?

Back 21

ATRIAL FLUTTER

Front 22

What irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm, has no identifiable P waves?

Back 22

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Front 23

What is a common complaint in a patient with a rapid heart rate?

Back 23

PALPATIONS

Front 24

What are the three main ECG findings associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Back 24

Short PR interval
Delta wave
Widening of the QRS

Front 25

Why do patients who experience atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of having a stroke?

Back 25

b/c the atria doesn't contract effectively expelling all of the blood, blood may pool within the atria forming clots. Clots may dislodge on its own or b/c of conversion to a sinus rhythm. A stroke can result if a clot moves from the atria to lodge in a brain artery.

Front 26

What is retrograde conduction?

Back 26

The propagation of depolarization from the ventricles to the atria–ie, VA conduction

Front 27

What is a beat originating from the AV junction that appears earlier than the next expected sinus beat?

Back 27

PREMATURE JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX

Front 28

What is the name given to a dysrhythmia that originates in the AV junction with a ventricular rate between 61-100bpm?

Back 28

ACCELERATED JUNCTIONAL RYTHM

Front 29

What are the four reasons why the AV junction may assume responsibility for pacing the heart?

Back 29

a. SA node fails to discharge (such as in sinus arrest)
b. An impulse from the SA node is generated but blocked as it exits the SA node (such as in SA block)
c. The rate of discharge of the SA node is slower than that of the AV junction (such as a sinus bradycardia or the slower phase of a sinus rhythm)
d. An impulse from the sa node is generated and is conducted through the atria but is not conducted to the ventricle ( such as AV block)

Front 30

What is an absence of electrical activity on the cardiac monitor?

Back 30

ASYSTOLE

Front 31

What is chaotic rhythm associated with no breathing or pulse?

Back 31

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION

Front 32

What is a pattern in which every other beat is an ectopic beat?

Back 32

BIGEMINY

Front 33

Explain the difference between a PVC and a ventricular escape beat.

Back 33

A PVC is premature and occurs before the next expected sinus beat.
While a ventricular escape beat is late, occurring after the next expected sinus beat

Front 34

What are four common causes of premature ventricular complexes?

Back 34

Normal variant, hypoxia, stress/anxiety, exercise, digitalis toxicity, acid-base imbalance, myocardial ischemia, electrolyte imbalance, CHF, increased sympathetic tone, acute MI, stimulants, meds (sympathomimetics, cyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines)

Front 35

What are AV block that often progresses to a third-degree AV block without warning?

Back 35

SECOND DEGREE AV BLOCK TYPE II

Front 36

What AV block is characterized by regular P-P intervals, regular R_R intervals, and a PR interval with no consistent value or pattern?

Back 36

THIRD DEGREE AV BLOCK

Front 37

What AV block characterized by a PR interval greater than .20 seconds and one P wave for each QRS complex?

Back 37

FIRST DEGREE AV BLOCK