Eating Behaviour Studies

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Bandura

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Social Learning Theory of eating, Bobo doll study

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Brown and Ogden

Back 2

SLT - High Correlation between parents and children's snack food intake, eating motivation and body dissatisfaction

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MacIntyre

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Media SLT - Media impacts what people eat, as well as age/income/family

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Meyer and Gast

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SLT - Correlation between influence and disorderd eating in 10-12 yr olds

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Powell and Khan

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Cultural - Eating disorders and more common in white women than in black or Asian women

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Ball and Kennedy

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Cultural - All ethnic groups from the 14000 18-23 year old women had more Australian eating habits, the longer they'd been there

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Striegel-Moore

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Culture - Black girls had a higher 'drive for thinness' than white girls

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Rozin

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Culture and Gender- female attitudes to foods are more American ( food for health) than French (food for pleasure). For men it was nationally specific

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Dornbusch

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Social Class - US teens from high social class had a greater desire to be thin

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Story

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Social Class - US girls from a HSC correlated with greater body satisfaction and fewer weight control behaviours

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Davis

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Mood/Binge eating- People report feelings of anxiety before a binge

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Garg

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Mood/Comfort Eating - Ppts given buttered popcorn and grapes - assigned to one of two films (Sad or Happy). Those in the 'sad' category ate more popcorn and those in the 'happy' category ate more grapes. This effect was lost when calories were displayed.

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Parker

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Mood/comfort Eating - Chocolate can prolong negative mood if used with the intention to lift mood.

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Klesges

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Restraint (S&F of dieting)- 89% of UK females restrict eating at some point in their life

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Herman and Mack

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Restraint (S&F of dieting) - Restraint increases probability of overeating

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Wardle and Beales

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Restraint (S&F of dieting) - Tested Herman and Mack's theory. Assigned obese women to a category (diet, exercise, no treatment). When given a 'pre-load' or under stress in the lab, the women in the diet group at more than the other two groups.

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Herman and Polivy

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Restraint (S&F of dieting) - Boundary Model. Eating falls between the boundaries of Hunger and Satiety. Restrained eaters add a 'diet' boundary, once its been broken they will continue eating until satiety. Also wider gap between hunger and satiety - so overeating can occur

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Ogden (1994)

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Obesity may not have been originally caused by overeating but practicing restraining can lead to overeating

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Ogden (2007)

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Although there is a link between food restriction and overeating, it cant explain anorexics.

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Wegner

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Mental Control (S&F of dieting) - White bear experiment. Theory of ironic processes in mental control - if you're told not to think about something, you're already thinking about it. This can apply to restraint

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Soetens

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Mental Control (S&F of dieting) - Restrained, Disinhibited ppt's used more thought suppression and rebounded more.

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Redden

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Mental Control (Success of dieting) - Change focus to make dieting less boring. Gave jelly beans with info about flavours ect, they got less bored than when given general information.

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Higgins and Gray

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Mental Control (Successful dieting) - Anti dieting programmes resulted in improvements to psychological wellbeing and weight stability rather than weight change

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Misra

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Cultural Differences - Asian (Indian) Children & teens have a greater central fat mass, leading to a natural inclination for obesity

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Park

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Misra's research findings suggests it's harder for Asians to diet successfully

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Green

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Mental Processes- Dieting affects cognitive task performance. Could be due to preoccupation with dieting. (apply to teens taking a levels)

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Wickens

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Biological Explanations - Lateral Hypothalamus - NP Y injected into rats who were satiated, hey began to eat

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Stanley

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Biological Explanations - Lateral Hypothalamus -Repeated NP Y injections into the lateral hypothalamus of rats and within a few days hey were obese

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Sakurai

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Biological Explanations - Lateral Hypothalamus -LH is important in eating but isn't the only eating controller in the brain

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Yang

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Biological Explanations - NP Y - NP Y is produced by fat cells, more NP Y - the more fat cells you have ect.

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Marie

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Rats without NP Y still ate, it could be that over eating could be due to a flood in NP Y, rather than the normal trickle

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Gold

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Damage tot he Paraventricular nucleus PVN also caused hyperphagia - PVN also responsible for cravings

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Rolls and Rolls

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Removing the amygdala in rats' brains caused indiscriminate eating of new foods (rats are neophobic with food)

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Kold and Wishaw

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Sense of smell plays a large part in food choices

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Zald and Pardo

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the amygdala is involved in processing olfactory stimuli (smells) PET scan showed how blood flow to the amygdala changes while being exposed to odours

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Lutter

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Under stress, the body releases the hormone Ghrelin as part of the stress response. This boosts your appetite and leads to comfort eating

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Zhang

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Some mice with 3 obese genes are attracted to foods high in fat and sugar, They also are deficient in leptin

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Milton

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Humans have evolved to eat meats for the high calories, to support the growing of the brain.

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Gibson and Wardle

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importance of calories can be seen through the food preferences of children (4-5). These are foods such as banana and potato

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Cordain

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ALL human cultures prefer meat and animal fats - therefore evolutionary to eat meat

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Stanford

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The fiercest competition in chimps was for the fatty parts of the kill, especially after a great period of famine

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Garcia

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Evolution - Taste aversion - Mice given sugar and made to feel sick with radiation then refused to eat the sugar

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Medicine effect - Garcia

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Evolution - Taste aversion - When a deficient rat is presented with a distinctly flavoured food and with an injection of the thing they are deficient it, they develop a preference for that food

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Bernstien and webster

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Evolution - Taste aversion - cancer patients given a new ice cream before chemo, to stop them developing taste aversion to previous foods

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Seligman

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Evolution - Taste aversion - Humans have an innate preparedness to learn particular associations to survive

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Ogden (obesity)

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Obesity - the definition of obesity depends on the population being studied

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Kopelman

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Obesity - Obesity is a group of disorders, not a single one

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Prentice

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Obesity - Causes of obesity could be biological or behavioural

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Herman (obesity)

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Obesity - Emotional and Restrained - Emotional eating occurs from the disinhibition of restraint due to emotional arousal

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Heatherton

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Obesity - Emotional and Restrained - eating is an escape from self-awareness

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Specker

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Obesity - Emotional and Restrained -Found higher depression and anxiety in obese individuals

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Stunkard

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Obesity - Night eating - Hyperphagia after meal, insomnia, morning anorexia

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De Zwaan

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Obesity - Night eating - regular awakenings and the inability to sleep again without eating

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Aronoff

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Obesity - Night eating -High positive correlation with night eating disorder and obesity

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Davey

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Obesity - binge eating disorder -Linked the disorder with depression and low self esteem

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Dinglemans

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Obesity - binge eating disorder - only 1-3% of the population have it but around 30% of dieters report it

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Wardle

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Obesity - food addiction theory - addiction to food develops and is maintained by negative reinforcement

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Berthoud and Morrison

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Obesity - food addiction theory -Taste is the biggest factor in food addiciton

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Bouchard

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Obesity - Genes - twin overfeed study. 3x more similarity in weight gain for twins

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Price and gottesman

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Obesity - Genes - MZ twins reared together and apart - body fat correlation of 0.61 apart and 0.75 together

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Soronsen

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Obesity - Genes - Strong correlation between the BMI of biological siblings reared apart

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Uiijascek

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Obesity - environment - after fiji recently urbanised, obesity increased

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Nachman

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Obesity - genes - rats can be bred to have a preference for sweet foods

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Berthoud and Morrison (leptin)

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Obesity - Genes - leptin resistance in rats on a 'modern diet'

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Kopelman (Indians)

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Obesity - environment - Pima indians in US are 25kg heavier than those living in mexico