Eas Prelim 3

Front 1

Volcano

Back 1

an erupting vent through which molten rock reaches the Earth's surface; mountain built from products of eruption

Front 2

Lava

Back 2

molten rock that has extruded onto the Earth's surface

Front 3

Lava Flow

Back 3

moving masses of molten lava, or sheets of rock formed when lava solidifies

Front 4

Basaltic lava flow

Back 4

low viscosity, low silica, hot

Front 5

Lava tube

Back 5

an insulated, tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow

Front 6

Andesitic Lava Flow

Back 6

higher silica, greater viscosity, formed large mound around the vent; 1-5m in a lumpy flow with a bulbous stout; angular sheets

Front 7

Rhyolitic Lava Flow

Back 7

most viscous, most silicic, coolest; lava dome; broken/blocky surface

Front 8

lava dome

Back 8

rhyolitic lava that accumulates in a dome-like mass

Front 9

volcanic ash

Back 9

composed of tiny glass shards; powerful explosions that spray lava into the air and formed droplets that instantly freezes

Front 10

pyroclastic debris

Back 10

all fragmented material (as, pumice, scoria, frozen lava) erupted from a volcano

Front 11

Lapilli

Back 11

pea-sized fragments of pumice or scoria

Front 12

Cinder

Back 12

lapilli composed if scoria

Front 13

accretionary lapilli

Back 13

ash or snow from an eruption

Front 14

blocks and bombs

Back 14

coarser pyroclastic debris

Front 15

tuff

Back 15

ash or ash mixed with lapilli

Front 16

tephra

Back 16

unconsolidated deposits of pyoclastic grains erupted from a volcano constitute deposits

Front 17

pyroclastic flow

Back 17

an avalanche of hot ash and lapilli that rushed down the flank of a volcano

Front 18

ignimbrite

Back 18

a sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow

Front 19

lahar

Back 19

wet debris flow

Front 20

volcaniclastic deposits

Back 20

accumulations of volcaniclastic debris

Front 21

Aerosols

Back 21

very tiny liquid droplets or solid particles that can remain suspended in air

Front 22

Vesicles

Back 22

some bubbles freeze into lava to create holes

Front 23

magma chamber

Back 23

magma accumulates underground in an open space or a zone of highly fractured rock that can contain a large quantity of magma

Front 24

fissure

Back 24

conduit of a vertical crack

Front 25

crater

Back 25

a circular depression at the top of a mound that develops during the eruption as materil accumulates around the summit collapses into the drained conduit (550 m across 200 m deep)

Front 26

caldera

Back 26

gid circular depression with cteep walls and a flat floor (thousands of m across and hundreds of meters deep)

Front 27

shield volcano

Back 27

broad gentle domes made from basaltic lava flows; largest vlcano

Front 28

cinder cones

Back 28

cone shaped piles if tephra; symmetrical; deep craters at summit

Front 29

stratovolcanoes

Back 29

(composite volcanoes): large and coned shaped consisting of lava and tephra; disrupted y explosions & landslides; steeper near summit; smallest volcano

Front 30

phreatomagmatic eruptions

Back 30

pyroclastic eruptions involving the reaction of water with magma

Front 31

flood basalt

Back 31

low viscosity lava spreads out in sheets over vast areas

Front 32

active volcano

Back 32

volcano that are erupting, have erupted recently, or are likely to erupt soon

Front 33

dormant volcano

Back 33

volcano that has not erupted for 10,000 years but do have the potential to erupt in the future

Front 34

extinct volcano

Back 34

volcano that was active in the past but have shut off entirely and will never erupt in the future

Front 35

panhoehoe

Back 35

basaltic flows with warm, wasty surfaces wrinkled into smooth, glassy, rope-like ridges

Front 36

a'a

Back 36

basaltic flow were the surface of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to continued movement of lava underneath and becomes a jumble of sharp, angular fragments yeilding a rubbly flow

Front 37

fault

Back 37

a fracture on which sliding occurs

Front 38

seismicity

Back 38

earthquake activity

Front 39

hypocenter (focus)

Back 39

the place in the Earth where rock ruptures or slips, or the place where an explosion occurs

Front 40

fault

Back 40

a fracture on which sliding occurs

Front 41

seismicity

Back 41

earthquake activity

Front 42

epicenter

Back 42

the point on the surface of the Earth that lies directly above the hypocenter

Front 43

hanging wall

Back 43

rock mass above a sloping fault

Front 44

hypocenter (focus)

Back 44

the place in the Earth where rock ruptures or slips, or the place where an explosion occurs

Front 45

footwall

Back 45

rock mass below the fault plane

Front 46

epicenter

Back 46

the point on the surface of the Earth that lies directly above the hypocenter

Front 47

normal fault

Back 47

when the hanging wall slips down the slop of the fault in response to a stretching or extending of the crust

Front 48

hanging wall

Back 48

rock mass above a sloping fault

Front 49

reverse fault

Back 49

when the hanging wall slips up the slope in response to compression and shortening of the crust

Front 50

footwall

Back 50

rock mass below the fault plane

Front 51

normal fault

Back 51

when the hanging wall slips down the slop of the fault in response to a stretching or extending of the crust

Front 52

strike slip fault

Back 52

the slip occurs parallel to an imaginary horizontal strike line on the fault plane; no up and down motion occurs here; forms were one block of crust slides past another laterally

Front 53

displacement

Back 53

the amount of slip on the fault, found by measuring distance between two ends of a marker

Front 54

reverse fault

Back 54

when the hanging wall slips up the slope in response to compression and shortening of the crust

Front 55

strike slip fault

Back 55

the slip occurs parallel to an imaginary horizontal strike line on the fault plane; no up and down motion occurs here; forms were one block of crust slides past another laterally

Front 56

displacement

Back 56

the amount of slip on the fault, found by measuring distance between two ends of a marker

Front 57

fault trace

Back 57

the intersection between a fualt and the ground surface

Front 58

fault scarp

Back 58

a small step that is created when an active normal or reverse fault intersects with the ground and one side moves vertically

Front 59

foreshocks

Back 59

smaller earthquakes that preceded a major earthquake which possibily reflect the development of smaller cracks

Front 60

aftershocks

Back 60

small earthquakes that follow a major earthquake which are 10x smaller than the main shock

Front 61

fault creep

Back 61

when movement on a fault happens without generating earthquakes; it occurs in weak rock that can change shape without breaking or can slip smoothly without creating shock waves

Front 62

Body waves

Back 62

waves that pass through the interior of the earth

Front 63

surface waves

Back 63

waves that travel along the earth’s surface.

Front 64

compressional waves

Back 64

waves in which particles of material move back and forth parallel to the direction in which the wave moves itself.

Front 65

shear waves

Back 65

waves in which particles move back and forth perpendicular to the direction in which the wave itself moves

Front 66

P waves

Back 66

primary: compressional body waves

Front 67

S wave

Back 67

secondary: shear body waves

Front 68

R waves

Back 68

Rayleigh; surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down

Front 69

L-waves

Back 69

Love: surface waves that cuase the ground to ripple back and forth

Front 70

seismogram

Back 70

waves traced by a pen on a seismograph

Front 71

arrival time

Back 71

instant that the earthquake wave appears at a seismograph station

Front 72

travel time curve

Back 72

thatw hich plots the time since an earthquake began on the vertical axis and the distance to the epicenter on the horizontal axis

Front 73

Mercalli Intensity Scale

Back 73

the scale that defines the intensity of an earthquake by the amount of damage it causes. this depends on assessment of damage not on measurement. This can be found by drawing lines/contours around the epicenter to delineate intensity zones. Intensity decreases with increasing distance from the epicenter

Front 74

Richter Scale

Back 74

scale that is based on the ground motion recorded by a seismogram for a calculation of magnitude. It can be determined by measuring the amplitude of the largest deflection of seismic waves at the epicenter

Front 75

Moment magnitude scale

Back 75

scale where moment magnitude is measured by the amplitude of different seismic waves, the area of the slipped portion of the fault, how much slip occured, and physical characteristics of broken rock from faulting

Front 76

intraplate earthquakes

Back 76

earthquakes that occur in the interior plates and are not associated with plate boundaries, active rifts, or collision zones. They account for 5% of the earthquake energy/year.

Front 77

induced seismicity

Back 77

siesmic events caused by the actions of people, generally in response to changed in groundwater pressure

Front 78

sediment liquefaction

Back 78

there is an abrupt loss of strength of a wet sediment such as sand or clay in response to the ground shaking

Front 79

recurrence interval

Back 79

average time between successive events

Front 80

annual probability

Back 80

1/recurrence interval and gives the probability of an earquake happening in any given year

Front 81

seismic gaps

Back 81

the places where a known active fault has not slipped for a long time and may be particularly dangerous

Front 82

resource

Back 82

any item that can be employed for a useful purpose

Front 83

energy resource

Back 83

something that can be used to produce heat

Front 84

fuel

Back 84

matter that stores energy n readily useable forms

Front 85

fossil fuel

Back 85

oil, gas, and coal which are combustible materials derived from organisms that lived in the past

Front 86

solar energy

Back 86

energy directly from the sun resuling from nuclear fusion

Front 87

nuclear fission

Back 87

atoms of radioactive elements can split into smaller pieces

Front 88

geothermal energy

Back 88

when radioactive decay in minerals heats water underground which is transformed to steam and can drive turbines

Front 89

hydrocarbon

Back 89

chainlike or ringlike molecules made of carbon and hydrogen atoms; called organic because similar chemicals make up living organisms

Front 90

source rock

Back 90

organic shale composed of dead plankton and algaue that has lithified

Front 91

kerogen

Back 91

the waxy molecules produced chemical reactions that transform shale

Front 92

oil shale

Back 92

shale containing kerogen

Front 93

oil window

Back 93

the narrow range of temperatures that can produce oil.

Front 94

hydrocarbon reserve

Back 94

a known supply of oil and gas held underground

Front 95

hydrocarbon system

Back 95

the process of hydrocarbon generation, migration, accumulation that ultimately produces a reserve from a given source

Front 96

reservoir rocks

Back 96

rocks that contain an abundant amount of easily accessible oil and gas to be extracted from the ground

Front 97

pores

Back 97

open spaces in rock

Front 98

porocity

Back 98

the amount of open spaces in rocks

Front 99

permeability

Back 99

the degree to which pore spaces connect to each other

Front 100

hydrocarbon generation

Back 100

if black shale resides int he oil window, the organic material within transforms into kerogen and then into oil and gas

Front 101

migration pathway

Back 101

a path from the source rock into a reservoir rock in order for large volumes of hydrocarbons to move; such as a set of permeable fractures

Front 102

oil seep

Back 102

when oil or gas escpaes from the reservoir rock and reaches the earth's surface where it leaks away

Front 103

trap

Back 103

when oil is trapped underground in reservoir rock by means of a geologic configuration

Front 104

seal rock

Back 104

a relatively impermeable rock such as shale, salt, or unfractured limestome that lies above reservoir rock and stops hydrocarbons form rising.

Front 105

tar sand

Back 105

sand or sandstone containing such high concentrations of bitumen

Front 106

coalbed methane

Back 106

the large amount of the natural gas methane that has been produced by coal forming underground. Vast amounts remain in the coal, but too deep to be reached by mining

Front 107

coal gasification

Back 107

the process of burning hases from solid coal

Front 108

nuclear waste

Back 108

radioactive material produced in a nuclear plant

Front 109

solar collector

Back 109

a device that collects energy to produce heat

Front 110

photovoltaic cells

Back 110

cells that allow light energy to convert directly into electricity, consisting of two silicon wafers pressed togethger

Front 111

acid mine runoff

Back 111

dilute solution of sulfuric acid producedw when a sulfur-bearing mineral such as pyrite from mines reacts with rainwater

Front 112

acid rain

Back 112

when sulfur dioxide combines with rainwater to form sulfuric acid

Front 113

metal

Back 113

opaque, shiny, smooth solids that can conduct electricity and be end, drawn into wire, or hammered into thin sheets

Front 114

metallic bonds

Back 114

the outer electrons flow from atom to atom easily

Front 115

native metals

Back 115

consist only of metal atoms

Front 116

coalbed methane

Back 116

the large amount of the natural gas methane that has been produced by coal forming underground. Vast amounts remain in the coal, but too deep to be reached by mining

Front 117

coal gasification

Back 117

the process of burning hases from solid coal

Front 118

nuclear waste

Back 118

radioactive material produced in a nuclear plant

Front 119

solar collector

Back 119

a device that collects energy to produce heat

Front 120

photovoltaic cells

Back 120

cells that allow light energy to convert directly into electricity, consisting of two silicon wafers pressed togethger

Front 121

acid mine runoff

Back 121

dilute solution of sulfuric acid producedw when a sulfur-bearing mineral such as pyrite from mines reacts with rainwater

Front 122

acid rain

Back 122

when sulfur dioxide combines with rainwater to form sulfuric acid

Front 123

metal

Back 123

opaque, shiny, smooth solids that can conduct electricity and be end, drawn into wire, or hammered into thin sheets

Front 124

metallic bonds

Back 124

the outer electrons flow from atom to atom easily

Front 125

native metals

Back 125

consist only of metal atoms

Front 126

smelting

Back 126

heating rocks to high temperatures so that they decompose and yield metal

Front 127

slag

Back 127

nonmetallic residue from smelting

Front 128

alloy

Back 128

a compound containing two or more metals

Front 129

bronze

Back 129

alloy of copper and tin

Front 130

steel

Back 130

alloy of iron and carbon

Front 131

precious metals

Back 131

gold, silver, platinum, palladium

Front 132

base metals

Back 132

copper, lead, zinc, and tin

Front 133

ore

Back 133

rocks contraining a concentrated accumulation of native metals or ore minerals

Front 134

ore minerals

Back 134

minerals that contain metal in high concentrations and in a form that can be easily extracted

Front 135

grade

Back 135

the concentration of a useful metal in an ore to determine if it is worth mining

Front 136

ore deposit

Back 136

economically significant occurrence of ore

Front 137

magma deposit

Back 137

when sulfide pre minerals crystallize early and sink to the bottom of the magma chamber where they accumulate

Front 138

ore deposit

Back 138

economically significant occurrence of ore

Front 139

massive sulfide deposit

Back 139

masses of magmatic deposits

Front 140

magma deposit

Back 140

when sulfide pre minerals crystallize early and sink to the bottom of the magma chamber where they accumulate

Front 141

hydrothermal deposits

Back 141

when hot water solution dissolves metal ions in rock surrounding an igneous intrusion and metals precipitate out of the solution to form metal ore in fractures and pores

Front 142

massive sulfide deposit

Back 142

masses of magmatic deposits

Front 143

Mississippi Valley-type ores

Back 143

ore deposits formed when groundwater is heated up to dissolve metals and deposits them away from its source as precipitated ore

Front 144

hydrothermal deposits

Back 144

when hot water solution dissolves metal ions in rock surrounding an igneous intrusion and metals precipitate out of the solution to form metal ore in fractures and pores

Front 145

secondary enrichment deposit

Back 145

a new ore deposit formed from metals that were dissolved and carried away from a preexisting ore deposit

Front 146

Mississippi Valley-type ores

Back 146

ore deposits formed when groundwater is heated up to dissolve metals and deposits them away from its source as precipitated ore

Front 147

banded iron formations

Back 147

the iron-rich sedementary layers that consist of alternating gray iron oxide beds and red jasper due to the change of oxygen in our atmosphere

Front 148

secondary enrichment deposit

Back 148

a new ore deposit formed from metals that were dissolved and carried away from a preexisting ore deposit

Front 149

manganese nodules

Back 149

the minerals that grow into a lumpy accumulation of manganese-oxide minerals on the sea floor

Front 150

banded iron formations

Back 150

the iron-rich sedementary layers that consist of alternating gray iron oxide beds and red jasper due to the change of oxygen in our atmosphere

Front 151

residual mineral deposits

Back 151

the residuum left behind in soil from iron or aluminum that is so concentrated it becomes an ore deposit

Front 152

manganese nodules

Back 152

the minerals that grow into a lumpy accumulation of manganese-oxide minerals on the sea floor

Front 153

placer deposits

Back 153

concentrations of metal grains in stream sediments

Front 154

residual mineral deposits

Back 154

the residuum left behind in soil from iron or aluminum that is so concentrated it becomes an ore deposit

Front 155

placer deposits

Back 155

concentrations of metal grains in stream sediments

Front 156

adit

Back 156

entrance to a mine tunnel

Front 157

open pit mine

Back 157

an above ground mine where holes are drilled below ground and then exploded

Front 158

underground mines

Back 158

mines dug when ore is hundred of meter below the earth's surface

Front 159

dimension stone

Back 159

the intact slabs and blocks of rock (granite or marble)

Front 160

crushed stone

Back 160

raw material for cement

Front 161

Portland cement

Back 161

cement made my mixing limestone, sandstone, and shale in the correct proportions

Front 162

mortar

Back 162

substance that holds bricks or stone blocks together

Front 163

concrete

Back 163

substance that workers shape into roads or walls by spreading it out into layers

Front 164

cement

Back 164

powder composed of lime, quartz, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide that will become mortar or concrete

Front 165

strategic metals

Back 165

(Manganese, platinum, chromium, and coblat) metals alloyed with iron to make special purposed steels needed in aerospace insudtry